BVSc 1.1. - Animal Welfare

What are five possible measurements that can be recorded during an audit of poultry quality at an abattoir? (A - E) What are two ways of encouraging better treatment of animals by farmers / stockmen? (F & G)

(A) % broken, dislocated wings (B) % deaths (C) % broken legs (D) % bruised legs (E) % bruised breasts (F) farmer may be penalised financially (or legally in severe cases) for producing a high percentage of injured birds (G) farmer may be paid a premium for a low percentage of injured birds

Give seven potential welfare outputs that can be measured in percentages during a welfare audit e.g.: during unloading at an abattoir

(A) % of lame animals (B) % of thin animals (C) % of dirty animals (D) % of animals with sores, bruises or lesions (E) % who die before slaughter (F) % morbidity (illness or injury) (G) % of birds with broken wings and legs Note: should aim for <1% in each category

With regard to hunger and stimulation of the appetite centre in the hypothalamus, give examples of the following: (A) internal cues (B) external cues

(A) - body temperature - mental state - neural inputs from the gastrointestinal tract - blood levels of metabolites such as glucose and urea (B) sight / smell of food

(A) Give four behavioural indicators of sickness in an animal (B) What is an important step to be taken if a member of a group of animals shows this behavior?

(A) - limited range of activity - increased amount of time sleeping - withdrawal from social interactions - reduction or loss of apetite (B) isolation so that the animal may recover without risk of disturbance or aggression from other animals, as well as to limit risk of transmission if disease is contagious or as a precaution if the cause of illness is unknown

(A) Give four potential sources of pain and injury for animals during loading and transportation (B) What are two causes of increased disease during transportation?

(A) - methods used by handlers - goads / sticks / electric shocks / bruising / twisting tail / pulling on nose ring - accidents, fatigue and muscle weakness lead to falls - cause bruising / fractures - rough handling of fragile animals - fractures (e.g.: laying hens) (B) - increased stress lowers immune system and makes animals more susceptible - mixing with new animals during transportation or in holding pens increases opportunity for disease transmission

Give one positive and one negative aspect of the following: (A) quantitative restrictions on food supply (B) qualitative restrictions on food supply

(A) - negative: animals are not satiated and may suffer from hunger, which compromises welfare and affects cognitive function - positive: creates anticipation which is pleasurable for carnivores and omnivores - positive welfare (B) - negative: a bulky diet still mey not adequately satisfy the innate motivation to forage, causing frustration and abnormal behaviours - positive: ad libitum feeding allows animals to eat until they feel satiated

(A) Why is the environment for dogs and cats kept in hospital facilities usually very stressful? (B) List two ways the environment can be improved for cats (C) List two ways the environment can be improved for dogs

(A) - unfamiliar environment that is unpredictable and often uncontrollable - acute hearing and smell, but poor vision in cages - overwhelming - may feel threatened by other animals (B) - areas to hide and perch - keep away from sight, sound and smell of dogs (C) - hiding areas - kong toys / chew toys

Give ways in which the following animal welfare inputs can be improved with regards to the transport of poultry: (A) stock person (B) impact of journey

(A) - using humane methods that minimise distress and injury during loading (e.g.: mechanised collection of birds where rotating 'fingers' are driven slowly through the barn, gently moving the birds towards a conveyor belt which takes them to crates which are then put on the vehicle) - training staff to handle chickens correctly - e.g.: use two hands, never pick up by a single leg (B) - make sure choice of vehicle is appropriate - reduce heat stress using appropriate stocking densities and proper ventilation of vehicle - large poultry farms could consider having a slaughter plant on the farm to prevent the need for long journeys that may be detrimental to welfare of animals

Another way of looking at a disaster is based on the outcome of the event that has occurred. Give four outcome measures that each constitute a disaster.

(A) 10 or more people reported killed (B) 100 or more people reported affected (C) the declaration of a national state of emergency (D) a call for international assistance

(A) does an unborn foetus within the womb have the capacity to suffer while in the womb? (B) how should unborn neonates be euthanised during surgical procedures in which the uterus of the mother is removed?

(A) Altricial species (eg dogs, cats) are neurologically immature at birth, i.e. not mature enough to have consciousness. Some species are neurologically developed enough to experience suffering at birth (e.g. - guinea pigs, lambs, piglets) however these species are unconscious during gestation, and therefore unable to feel pain while in the womb. (B) ideally the foetuses should be left inside the uterus for at least five minutes to ensure cessation of brain activity due to cessation of oxygen supply from the mother. If a live mature foetus is removed from the womb they should not be allowed to breathe air to prevent them gaining consciousness (e.g. via clamping the trachea). If they do become conscious, they may be euthanised via intracardiac pentobarbital or potassium chloride or an overdose of inhalant anesthetics (even in the case of puppies and kittens which technically cannot suffer - it may be ethically or aesthetically undesirable to simply leave them to die)

Contrast the following fields: (A) Animal welfare science (B) Animal ethics

(A) Animal welfare science applies rigorous scientific methods using a variety of behavioral or physiological measures as indicators of animal welfare for the purpose of providing objective data - (objective - based on scientific data) (B) Animal ethics is a branch of ethics which examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated - (may be subjective - based on differing values)

(A) explain cognitive dissonance theory (B) how does this apply to human views on animals used in research or for consumption

(A) Cognitive dissonance theory states that if we hold conflicting or incompatible views, this causes us to experience unpleasant emotions, and that we will change our behaviour or our attitudes in order to overcome this (B) people may separate their thoughts on animals from their actions (i.e. love animals while still consuming / killing them), by viewing animals for consumption or research as commodities or "numbers", or by separating roles so that individuals are not responsible for slaughtering the animals they will consume

Name the five most prevalent ethical theories around the use and treatment of animals (A - E)

(A) Contractarianism (B) Utilitarianism (C) Animal rights (D) care ethics (E) respect for nature

List the Five Freedoms that constitute good animal welfare (A - E)

(A) Freedom from hunger and thirst. (B) Freedom from (thermal) discomfort. (C) Freedom from pain, injury and disease. (D) Freedom to express normal behaviour. (E) Freedom from fear and distress.

The standard international format for emergency response is called the (A). It involves a heirachy of organisation, starting with the (B) at the top, followed by the (C) and then four levels including (D), (E), (F), (G)

(A) Incident Command System (ICS) (B) overall commander (C) public information and safety officers (D) finances (E) planning (F) logistics (G) operations

What are the three R's that aim to lessen the impact and improve the welfare of animals in research and education?

(A) Replace - aims to replace sentient animals altogether where possible. (B) Reduce - if animals must be used then keep the number needed to the minimum in order to measure the effect of interest, and (C) Refine - improvement of methods so as to minimise any harm caused to animals used

Give examples of how universities and teaching facilities have used the three R's to reduce impacts on animals used in teaching

(A) Replacement (absolute): - anatomical models of animals - visual aids such as DVDS / 3D online resources (B) Replacement (relative) - Plastination of organs to preserve for longer (C) Reduction: - donation of cadavers by clients / shelters - new preservatives so cadavers' tissues are flexible for surgical practice rather than purpose-bred live - mentorship: seeing practice / field experience, with owner consent (D) Refinement: - improvement to the animal's housing and handling, diet, transport and euthanasia.

What are the three areas of concern with respect to the welfare of an animal (A- C)?

(A) The physical state of the animal (is the animal functioning well? Physiological state and health) (B) The mental state of the animal (is the animal feeling well? Absence of pain, etc) (C) The ability of the animal to perform natural/species typical behaviours

Give six ways that vets can have a role in risk reduction for disasters at a national level

(A) Veterinary Emergency Response Units (VERU)/ animal response teams (B) community-based projects (C) involvement in national planning/law to include animals e.g. law requiring local authorities to make provision for animals in their disaster planning (D) collaboration with humanitarians (E) provide resources and training - handbooks, lectures, courses (F) demonstrations and practice - drills (G) public service announcements

What are the two components necessary to ensure protection of research animals, whether at a local or national scale?

(A) a competent authority - sets standards according to national and international laws (B) enforcement of compliance - overseen by a national or local review committees or individuals, such as ethical review committees within universities and research institutions

What three characteristics combined lead to a disaster?

(A) a hazard, i.e. any danger whether natural (e.g. earthquakes) or technological (e.g. chemical spill, nuclear radiation) (B) a vulnerable community, e.g. a remote, low-income, rural village without local medical facilities (C) local incapacity to cope: in the example of the village, there would not be local medical personnel, stores of food or buildings that are resistant to hazards such as earthquakes.

Describe the following: (A) the "consequentialist" view on ethics (B) the "deontological" view on ethics

(A) actions are judged based on the consequences - i.e. whether they cause suffering or not (B) definition of what is morally right or wrong is determined by the actions themselves, rather than referring to the consequences of those actions

Briefly explain the following ethical ideologies: (A) care ethics (B) respect for nature

(A) actions towards animals should be guided by our natural tendency to build relationships with animals and show compassion, which in turns gives us a duty of care to them, as they are dependent on us (B) the preservation of the species within the ecosystem is more important than the wellbeing of individual members of the species.

Give three ways in which vets can have a role in risk reduction of disasters locally in their own communities

(A) advising owners - e.g.: tags on collars and permanent ID, importance of cat carriers, importance of a preparedness plan (B) establishing a clinic preparedness plan (C) lobbying local authority to include animals in disaster management plans

Socialisation is also an indication of good health. Behaviours that indicate social bonding are called (A), but it is important to note that interactions may vary under domestic husbandry conditions, according to factors such as (B), (C), (D) & (E)

(A) affiliative behaviours, e.g.: allogrooming in horses (B) species (C) breed (D) age and size range (E) group size - hierarchy easy in small groups

Give five behavioural indicators of chronic pain in an animal

(A) altered demeanour: e.g.: irritability, social withdrawal, aggression (B) altered gait - lameness (C) weight loss (D) response to palpation (E) response to analgesia

Give nine behavioural indicators of acute pain in an animal

(A) altered posture (B) gait - lameness (C) demeanour: animals seem depressed and unresponsive to their surroundings. (D) inappetence (E) increased respiratory and heart rate (F) grinding teeth (G) response to palpation (H) vocalisations (I) positive response to analgesia

Give six examples of replacements for sentient animals in research and testing programmes

(A) alternatives to animals entirely: computer modelling, human volunteers (B) use of tissues and organs rather than live animals, where the animal was killed by a humane technique before collection of the material (C) abattoir material (D) mammals, birds and reptiles up to half way through gestation or incubation (E) larval forms of amphibians and fish up to the point where the animal becomes capable of independent feeding (F) invertebrates, such as drosophila (flies) and nematode worms

Before proceeding with exsanguination, it is important to ensure an animal has been effectively stunned. List eight signs of effective stunning of an animal

(A) animal collapses (B) gasping and gagging reflexes, but no rhythmic breathing or vocalisations (C) no corneal reflex (D) fixed, fully dilated pupil (E) relaxed jaw (F) tongue hanging out (G) body hangs straight down - there is no arching of the back or struggling (however, the legs may move)

List four signs of death following shooting with a free bullet (A - D)

(A) animal collapses immediately (B) no rhythmic breathing (C) no corneal reflex (D) twitching and convulsions may start shortly afterwards

What are the key areas are of welfare concern for animals in human care?

(A) animal husbandry standards (how animals are cared for) (B) usage of animals (e.g. research, farming, companionship, etc) (C) handling and housing of animals during transport and at sales (D) slaughter and euthanasia methods (can also include wild animals that need to be culled)

The study of animal welfare needs to address what three primary components of animal welfare? (A - C)

(A) animal welfare science (B) animal ethics (C) animal welfare law

Behaviours that are important for animals to perform have a very strong motivation. Name two ways the strength of motivation can be identified? (A & B)

(A) animal works hard for the opportunity or resources to perform the behaviour (B) animal develops substitute/abnormal behaviours if he or she cannot perform a desired behaviour

Why have vets not traditionally considered the performance of important behaviours as critical, particularly when advising clients on good welfare practices?

(A) animals may function well even when they cannot perform those behaviours (B) owners are not aware of them and do not ask

Give four ways in which the design of handling facilities can be modified to minimise fear and prevent injury of animals during loading / unloading and in holding pens

(A) animals move down curved walkways, not around corners, to minimise fear (B) solid slides to walkway preventing light/dark contrasts and other distractions during loading / unloading that make animals baulk (C) appropriate angle (not too steep) and design of loading ramps to prevent injury (D) non-slip floors on ramps, in holding facilities and en-route to vehicle to prevent injuries

In order to determine the scope of a piece of legislation, it is essential to determine to which set of animals it applies. What animals are included in Zimbabwe's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act?

(A) any kind of domestic vertebrate animal; (B) any kind of wild vertebrate animal in captivity; (C) the young of any animal referred to in (A) or (B)

What are the two components of feeding behaviour? (A & B)

(A) appetitive - the animal seeks out the object that is needed in order to satisfy the underlying motivation (hunger) (B) consummatory - the animal performs the behaviour that satisfies the motivation

Name the seven key aspects of a model animal welfare law (A) - (G)

(A) applies to all sentient animals (B) clearly worded and unambiguous (C) offences include failing to meet animal's needs (not only deliberate intent to harm) (D) law is easy to amend with new scientific knowledge, ethics, etc (E) law has high legal status and consequences for violations, e.g.: prosecution (F) enforcement responsibility is clear and enforcement body has sufficient power and funds (G) includes education of public and industry

Name four uses of genetically modified animals

(A) as "bioreactors": production of therapeutic proteins in milk by introducing genes of human origin into the animals (B) livestock / agriculture - animals have been genetically modified in attempts to make them grow faster or produce higher quality by-products (C) transgenic animals are used as models of human diseases - e.g. for Parkinson's or cancer (D) xenotransplantation: production of compatible organs for transplantation into humans

What are the two methods of animal welfare grading that may be applied to laboratory animals to assess their welfare? (A & B)

(A) assessment of the welfare impact of the proposed experiment (B) assessment of the animal's overall welfare outside the experiment

Give three reasons why animals may not be saved in a disaster based on people's attitudes

(A) authorities may not perceive animals as important (B) attitudes of people towards animals' capacity to suffer may deem relief efforts unnecessary (C) cultural attitudes regarding the value of some species may also exclude these species from relief plans

What are the six general principles that underpin effective EE for both the naturalistic and behavioural approaches?

(A) based on primary behaviours of the species in free-living conditions or wild conditions. (B) animals given as much utilisable space as possible (C) environmental control - ability of animal to manipulate its surroundings, e.g.: burrowing / nest building in mice (D) safety of animals from injury, exposure to harmful substances, etc (E) use of EE material by animals is pivotal to success (F) important that the EE is economical and practical, particularly in commercial operations such as farming

Give two reasons why animals may continue to perform stereotypies even after removal from a confined environment (A & B)

(A) because of a neurobiological change whereby the stereotypy has become the animal's non-specific response to any degree of arousal. (B) due to the endorphin release - performing the stereotypy has become a rewarding experience for the animal

Give two reasons why it is important to save animals during a disaster?

(A) because they are sentient - it is important to prevent and relieve injury, pain, hunger, etc. (B) many animals are working animals or are important for people's livelihoods - for agriculture, food and transport (particularly in low-income countries and communities)

What is a more effective response measure than physiological response?

(A) behavioural response

Feeding regimens can also impact the health and welfare of the animal. (A) How can unlimited access to food negatively impact an animal? (B) What are the two primary types of restrictions that can be placed on food supply? (C) Which of the methods in (B) is preferable from a welfare perspective?

(A) by leading to obesity and associated health problems (B) - quantitative restrictions - reduce amount of food (which tends to leave animals feeling hungry) - qualitative restrictions - adding fibre to reduce nutritional content while allowing animals to feel full. (C) qualitative restrictions

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of electrical stunning as a method of stunning animals prior to exsanguination during humane killing

(A) can induce insensibility in a very short time (approximately 200 milliseconds) and is suitable for mass euthanasia, e.g.: during disease outbreaks (B) equipment usually only available in slaughterhouses and requires trained personnel to operate (however, it may be transported for on-farm euthanasia)

What are the three primary impacts on animals in captivity in terms of mental state and naturalness?

(A) captivity may cause negative emotions - frustration and boredom (B) captivity may also deprive animals of positive emotions due to lack of space, novelty, and opportunities to play (C) animals display a reduced behavioural repertoire, and increased prevalence of frustration and boredom behaviours, such as aggression, stereotypies and passivity

Name two alternatives to the use of barbiturates in the euthanasia of dogs and cats

(A) carbon monoxide (commercially prepared - special chamber needed) (B) penetrating captive bolt (large dogs) followed by pithing

Give the potential causes and consequences of the following: (A) vitamin-D deficiency in dogs (B) calcium deficiency in hens (C) hypomagnesaemia in ruminants (D) taurine deficiencies in cats

(A) cause: dogs kept in the dark and fed high-magnesium diets consequence: development of rickets (B) cause: high calcium demands in egg formation may lead to deficiencies consequence: osteoporosis - brittle bones prone to fractures (C) cause: young grass, particularly when it is nitrogen-rich, is low in magnesium consequence: causes tetany ('grass staggers'), which is fatal if not treated promptly (D) cause: unfortified commercial food or diet low in organ meats consequence: cardiomyopathy, which may lead to the development of blood clots in the caudal aorta

Give three important considerations/precautions when using an intraperitoneal injection of a barbiturate as a method of euthanasia (A - C)

(A) caution must be taken not to inject inelastic organs such as the kidneys or liver as the enlargement by the injected barbiturate will cause pain (B) the animal will take longer to die than an intravenous injection (C) larger doses are needed than intravenous injections to ensure death and not simply loss of consciousness

The capacity of the brain to perceive, process and store information is called (A), which enables animals to learn, to anticipate negative or positive events, and to have expectations

(A) cognition

The influence of emotion on judgment and other cognitive processes such as memory is termed (A).

(A) cognitive bias

List seven welfare inputs that can affect the welfare of livestock during transport

(A) competency of stockperson - preparation, handling and loading (B) quality of handling facilities (C) design of vehicle (D) competency of driver (E) road conditions (F) weather and temperature (G) genetics and past experience

Describe the conditions and a common consequence of early weaning in the following domestic animals: (A) dairy calves (B) piglets

(A) conditions: separated from their mother at birth or at least within four days, and are then fed by bucket twice a day consequence: non-nutritive "cross) sucking - sucking on other calves or on parts of their enclosure due to lack of satisfaction of appetence (B) conditions: typically weaned at 21-28 days and group-housed in barren pens where there is no manipulable material consequence: tail biting occurs

Name three possible incentives that farmers may have to improve animal welfare as it becomes a more prevalent issue locally and internationally

(A) consumers are demanding more high-welfare products - local markets favour high welfare products. (B) growing international pressure - from governments and animal welfare organisations with regards to export of animals and products that comply with animal welfare standards (C) financial incentives: - grants and subsidies may be provided by government to farmers adopting certain standards of welfare. - loans from the World Bank to businesses in developing areas include the Five Freedoms as one of the set criteria for business proposals

(A) which component of feeding behaviour do most systems for domestic animals focus on? (B) What are potential consequences of ignoring the other component of feeding behaviour?

(A) consummatory component (because this satisfies hunger) (B) can cause frustration in the animal, manifesting as behavioural and physical abnormalities, e.g. stereotypies, gastric ulceration

Give two examples of a redirected behaviour due to lack of ability to perform a natural behaviour in kept animals

(A) cross-sucking in calves (B) tail-biting in pigs

Give six animal welfare concerns that may occur during transport in relation to animal housing

(A) crowding - may result in aggression , and inadequate space to stand or rest comfortably (B) slippery surfaces underfoot - slips and injuries (C) ramp to truck - too steep, no side barriers, structured floors cleats that are too close or too far apart (D) thermal stress - heat, humidity, cold (F) distress / injury - due to design of vehicle, length of journey, condition of road, etc

List five potential sources of welfare problems at markets

(A) cumulative loading / unloading stress (B) effect on journey times (C) mixing of animals (D) further transport of unsold stock (E) sequential / multiple presentations at markets

What are the five main main areas of economic loss for the farmer or abattoir which are caused by poor conditions during transport or at markets

(A) death of the animal because of poor transport conditions, baulking and suffocation (B) injuries (C) dehydration (D) disease of the newly bought stock because of transport and market conditions (E) poor meat quality because of chronic stress.

In addition to insufficient water supply, give three other potential causes of thirst in animals (A - C)

(A) disease - stomatitis (inflamed and sore mouth), metabolic disease (e.g. diabetes mellitus), GI disease (B) loss of body water due to sweating / hot weather (C) pathological thirst (rare) - e.g.: diabetes insipidus - affected animals drink excessively large amounts of water.

Give five characteristics of feeding for herbivores and and other non-meat eaters in the wild that need to be considered when designing nutritional EE for these animals in captivity? (A - E)

(A) distance between areas eaten during grazing/browsing (B) duration/frequency of foraging bouts (C) number of dimensions vegetation is found in (D) in group or solitary (E) senses used to find food: sight? Smell? (F) how food is taken up: tongue? Beak? Teeth? (G) how food is digested, eg rumination vs. grinding in gizzard

Give five common examples of when humane killing/euthanasia is required for large groups of animals

(A) dogs and cats are often killed by animal shelters when there are insufficient resources to provide a reasonable quality of life (B) planned population control of stray animals or wildlife (not usually a viable long-term solution) (C) required by law during infectious disease outbreaks (e.g.: avian influenza, foot and mouth disease) or due to market collapses (D) routine killing of non-productive, neonatal farm animals (e.g.: male calves in dairy herds , male day-old chicks in layer-breeder farms) (E) laboratory animals - killing is either a planned part of the experiment, or it is conducted where humane end-points are reached in the experiment

(A) Give two examples of self-injurious behaviours displayed by domestic animals (A & B). Give the probable cause of the behaviour in each case.

(A) dogs: lick granuloma - occurs when dogs lick the same part of their body repeatedly, sometimes even exposing the bone Cause: not clear, but it may be related to neural pathology or to anxiety/boredom (B) horses: self-mutilation - individuals may lunge at objects or bite themselves. Cause: may be caused by local pain. In other cases, may reflect frustration with the animal's environment

Briefly name and describe the two kinds of wet markets (A & B)

(A) dry markets - live animals sold to another farmer / retailer, will be transported to another farm or to an abattoir for slaughter (B) wet markets - live animals sold directly to consumers, may be slaughtered on site by vendor, or taken home to be slaughtered by consumer

Give five characteristics of of carnivore feeding techniques in the wild that need to be considered when designing nutritional EE for these animals in captivity? (A - E)

(A) duration, distance, frequency of hunt (B) number of dimensions that the prey moves in (C) in a group or solitary (D) senses used to find prey (E) how the prey is captured and killed

List two ways in which veterinarians can help to ensure mass euthanasia during a disaster is conducted properly?

(A) during disaster preparation: by advising the authorities on options for humane methods of mass killing so that there is a plan in place (B) during rescue operations: by knowing appropriate methods of euthanasia and training volunteers appropriately in this, as necessary

Give four reasons why intraperitoneal injections are not a feasible method for mass killing of animals in groups

(A) each animal needs to be weighed to estimate dosage accurately (B) animals may lie on top of each other as they become unconscious, leading to death by crushing and hypoxia (C) it is a costly method (D) carcasses are unsafe to consume afterwards

Give three reasons why behavioural responses provide a better indication of welfare than physiological responses?

(A) easy to observe (B) epresents more complex level of functioning than physiological responses because they allow animals change and control their environment (C) more specific measure of emotional state and experience

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using stunning followed by exanguination as a method of euthanasia (A & B)

(A) ensures loss of consciousness first before the animal is killed. (B) exsanguination has to be done quickly to prevent the animal from regaining consciousness. Restraining of the animal is also needed.

Physiologically, an animal's experience and response to a particular situation or stimulus has four phases. What are these? (A - D)

(A) environment provides sensory input to the brain (B) Brain evaluates sensory input, resulting in emotions (positive, negative, neutral) and feelings (e.g. nausea, pain) (C) this is followed by body responses to emtions and feelings (fight or flight, etc) (D) finally adaptation occurs through allostasis and homeostasis.

Broadly, medical (and veterinary) research on animals is centred around which three models of research?

(A) exploratory models - generate information, the application of which is not immediate or not yet known (B) explanatory models - these are designed to discover mechanisms, such as the mechanisms of cancer development, aging, drug activity, etc (C) predictive models - practical, and allow problem solving and practical decisions concerning the efficacy, potency and safety of products such as drugs, vaccines, household chemicals, etc

How can well-managed local markets and collection centres be a welfare advantage? (A -C)

(A) farmers can take their animals directly, meaning they do not have to travel a long distance (B) shorter total journey to plant (C) time on poor roads minimised

Give a possible solution / measure that improves the following: (A) cross suckling in calves (B) tail-biting in piglets

(A) feeding with artificial teat - satisfies appetence more - less cross suckling (B) giving piglets manipulable materials to satisfy urges to root / forage for food, & ensuring all piglets are being adequately fed (no nutrient deficiencies)

Give two ways that farmers / stockmen can be encouraged to improve conditions for animals during transport

(A) financial incentives / penalties - e.g.: abattoir may pay a premium for carcasses without signs of injury, or may penalise the farmer if carcasses are bruised. Severe cases of animal abuse can lead to transport bans / imprisonment (B) audits - auditing simple, quantifiable traits (e.g. the number of animals who fall when getting off the truck) provides data to help farmers, hauliers and abattoir workers see how changing their behaviour can bring about improvements

How does one identify behaviours that are important to an animal, and whether these are being facilitated by captive conditions?

(A) first determine behavioural repertoire of an animal under natural conditions (either in the wild, or in as close to "wild" conditions as possible), such as: - reproductive behaviours: courtship, mating, parturient, maternal - feeding behaviours: seeking and consuming food - social behaviours (B) secondly, determine the time allocated to each beahaviour (i.e. their natural "time budget" for each behaviour) which can be used as a point of comparison for how animals allocate their time in captive conditions

Give seven important design characteristics of the vehicle that will improve the welfare of animals during transport (A - G)

(A) floor of adequate strength (B) absorbent floor litter or other means of removing urine and faeces (C) sufficient space for the head of the animal (D) adequate ventilation (E) easy to clean and escape-proof (F) no sharp edges or protrusions likely to cause injury. (G) light is also important, because animals are usually afraid to enter dark places

Give ten potential stressors that animals may have faced over the duration of transport from farm to market (A - J)

(A) food and water withdrawal (B) loading and unloading - goad use, stick marks and bruising, potentially poor ramp design (C) prolonged physical effort of maintaining their balance during the trip (D) handling by different stockmen (E) duration of the live transport (F) high stocking densities in the truck - heat stress (G) extremes of temperature and humidity (H) mixing of unknown animals (I) physical exertion (J) unfamiliar vibration, noise and environment.

What are the two primary purposes for which animals have been domesticated by humans (A & B)

(A) for companionship (B) for use as work animals

Give examples of key behaviours that need to be accommodated via EE in the following species: (A) psittacine birds (B) rabbits (C) rats and mice

(A) foraging, socialisation with other birds, exploring (e.g.: climbing) and sleep/rest (perches) (B) freedom of movement horizontally and vertically ( ability to hop and stand on hindlegs), exercise in larger space outside cage, socialisation (cautiously to avoid reproduction or male fighting), rest (C) socialisation, nesting (material also used for shelter and thermoregulation), climbing / exploration, exercise, rest

Give any one acceptable method of humane killing for the following species: (A) Horses and donkeys (B) Large animals on a farm (C) Large animals who are 'free' (D) Large groups in disease outbreaks

(A) free-bullet shooting / barbiturate overdose / stunning followed by exsanguination or pithing (B) captive-bolt stunning followed by exsanguination or pithing (C) free-bullet shooting (D) stunning followed by exsanguination

Give three quantitative measures that can be used when assessing a particular behaviour, particularly in large groups of animals

(A) frequency of behaviour (B) duration of each occurrence (C) number of animals showing the behaviour

(A) What is another critical internal factor that can cause different behavioural responses even when animals are subject to the same external stimuli?

(A) genetics

What are important guidelines for client communication that a veterinarian should follow when dealing with an owner faced with the decision to euthanise an animal

(A) give the owner time to make the decision (B) be empathetic (C) discuss the factors leading to the decision to euthanise (D) explain exactly what is involved, including the disposal of the body (E) do not judge

What are the primary areas of concern with respect to the transport of pigs?

(A) good feeding - hunger, thirst, dehydration (B) good housing - heat stress is large concern - muscle weakness of pigs raised under intensive systems - rough roads, unsuitable vehicles (C) good health - motion sickness (retching, vomiting, frothing at mouth) - injury due to slippery ramps / floors - overcrowding and journey time - fighting, injuries, trampling - goad use - dark places, unused to human handling (D) appropriate behaviour - fear at loading / unloading

What are the primary areas of concern with respect to the transport of poultry?

(A) good feeding - hunger, thirst, dehydration on long journeys (B) good housing - e.g.: heat stress in meat birds, cold stress in end-of-lay hens (C) good health - disease, injury, pain (D) appropriate behaviour - fear of handling

What are the four broad areas of welfare concern during transport and holding at markets? (A - D)

(A) good feeding - no prolonged hunger or thirst (B) good housing - space, comfort, place to rest (C) good health - no injuries, pain, disease (D) appropriate behaviour and mental state - positive emotional state, normal social behaviour, species-typical behaviours

Give five reasons why animals may not be included in disaster plans/rescue operations based on resources

(A) governments and advisors do not have the human and financial resources needed to plan and respond to animals' needs in the aftermath of a disaster (B) when developing disaster preparedness plans, the authorities may not have the appropriate expertise and material resources to implement risk reduction strategies. (C) emergency personnel may not have the skills or may have not been assigned responsibility for animals (D) authorities may be overwhelmed with humanitarian problems (E) humanitarian NGOs lack the skills and facilities to care for animals

Give four ways that stockmen can improve the handling of animals during loading and transport to reduce stress (A -D)

(A) habituate animals to handlers ahead of transport (B) be aware of flight zone / proximity to animals that will cause distress (C) avoid the use of goads / sticks that cause pain and distress for animals (D) be aware of and avoid prohibited practices such as dragging any animal onto a vehicle, or dropping or throwing them off the vehicle

Give eight necessary steps towards preparation for a disaster at your clinic

(A) have an incident command system in place - where staff are aware what their duties are in the event of a disaster, and the checklist to do if they are the first to arrive at the clinic (B) a plan of where to board or relocate animals in your care (C) ensure back-up of medical records (D) make plans and provisions for continued operations under extenuating circumstances with few resources (E) have contact details of suppliers backed up (F) take measures to secure your premises and the animals in them, so that looters do not steal equipment, money or the animals themselves. (G) be aware of insurance and legal aspects that you need to follow in the face of a disaster (H) use social media to contact owners and other clinics and to appeal for help / donations

What four factors may influence the success of environmental enrichment for a particular animal?

(A) history of the animal - past negative experiences may cause permanent changes in brain function that are similar to those found in autism. EE may not cure the performance of abnormal repetitive behaviours (B) the self-reward of endorphins released when the animal performs the abnormal behaviour - may persist (C) individual animals' genetics and individuality (D) visitors often cause stress to zoo animals, which could also limit the positive effects of EE

Give three examples of common stereotypies displayed by captive animals (A - C), and indicate what these are thought to be caused by

(A) horses: crib-biting - due to genetics (some more prone than others) and lack of opportunities to forage (B) captive carnivores: pacing - due to ack of space to roam (not lack of predation opportunities) (C) laying hens: feather-pecking - due to genetics, activity, stocking density

What are three possible factors that can influence the attitude of an animal towards humans?

(A) human behaviour towards animals - influenced by early experiences of young animals, as well as experiences later in life which may improve / worsen attitude towards humans (B) genetics - affect their natural levels of curiosity and fearfulness, which can affect how they experience our interactions with them (C) history of interactions with particular caregiver - building of relationship so that animals can predict behaviour and trust certain humans (veterinarians - usually little history with animal and may be associated with negative past experiences - little trust from animals)

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a drug overdose as a method of euthanasia (A & B)

(A) if done correctly it enables anaesthesia and then death with no adverse reactions (B) can cause irritation if injection is done incorrectly (perivascularly), and animals thus need to be restrained which may cause distress

Give examples of ways the number of animals used in experiments can be reduced

(A) improved experimental design and statistical analysis (B) sharing of animals/animal tissues (e.g. whiteboards indicating future use in animal facilities) (C) use of new techniques/technologies (D) recording multiple parameters in single animal

What are three primary benefits of environmental enrichment for animals?

(A) improved physical functioning (B) increase in positive feelings and reduced stress and other negative feelings (C) improved opportunities to perform important behaviours

(A) Why is it important to include animals in disaster management plans? (B) What are the potential consequences if animals are not included in these plans?

(A) in order to not only have plans for rescuing animals but to ensure there are provisions for their long-term survival in non-ideal conditions (B) animals may die, resulting in consequences for the owners such as: - no transport or source of income - increased journeys on foot leading to security implications in unsafe communities - longer stays in refugee camps - no foundation for returning to normal life and income

Give four reasons why legislation may not be effective or may be harmful to animal welfare in certain areas

(A) in some places, animals are are still classed as property by law, not as sentient beings, which may be detrimental to their welfare (B) in cases of cruelty/neglect, some laws require "deliberate intent" which restricts the protection afforded to animals and can be difficult to prove (C) exemptions may be made for religious/cultural practices that may be considered cruel (D) accepted practices, particularly in farming, may be cruel but remain exempt from legal concern by virtue of their traditional status

(A) What is the main animal welfare concern in the potency testing phase of veterinary vaccines or other medicines / toxins? (B) using the three R's, describe ways in which the impacts on these animals can be minimised

(A) inhumane end points (B) replacement - in vitro tests (if possible) refinement - animals given anesthetics / analgesics to relieve pain, researchers trained to recognise terminal symptoms before suffering becomes too great, allowing euthanasia at a humane point reduction - smaller sample sizes, combination testing

Explain three ways in which feeding can become a source of distress or negative emotions for kept animals (A - C)

(A) innate need to perform predatory behaviour - captive predators may be unable to express full range of feeding behaviour adequately - always distressed (B) competition at feeding time for group animals - e.g.: trough space (C) aggression due to quantitative dietary restriction - observed in sows and rats when they are group housed

With regard to the second Freedom, i.e. the freedom from discomfort, what are the primary welfare inputs and outputs that can be assessed?

(A) inputs: - appropriate environment, including shelter and a comfortable resting area (B) outputs: - animal condition: e.g. pressure sores on the skin

With regard to the third Freedom, i.e. the freedom from pain, injury and disease, what are the primary welfare inputs and outputs that can be assessed?

(A) inputs: - assess steps taken to prevent disease: stocking standards, seeking of veterinary advice, rapid diagnosis and treatment (B) outputs: - symptoms of disease: body condition, prevalence of coughing, etc

With regard to the fifth Freedom, i.e. the freedom from fear and distress, what are the primary welfare inputs and outputs that can be assessed?

(A) inputs: - conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering, e.g. stockperson's training (B) outputs: - behavioural tests, e.g. avoidance distance

With regard to the first Freedom, i.e. the freedom from hunger and thirst, what are the primary welfare inputs and outputs that can be assessed?

(A) inputs: - ready access to fresh water and food - quality of food (nutritionally adequate) - frequency of feeding - i.e. how often stockperson delivers feed (B) outputs: - body weight - body condition - evidence of dehydration on the skin (pinch test)

With regard to the fourth Freedom, i.e. the freedom to express natural behaviour, what are the primary welfare inputs and outputs that can be assessed?

(A) inputs: - sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind (B) outputs: - signs of injury from fighting; abnormal behaviours

What are the three categories of potential stimuli that can motivate an animal to perform a particular behaviour?

(A) internal motivators - result from internal sensory stimuli - e.g.: to feed, drink, groom, rest, etc (B) external motivators - result from external sensory stimuli - sight of predator, smell of food, etc (C) combination of internal and external stimuli

List seven behavioural possible behavioural indicators of a healthy animal, in a good state of welfare (A - G)

(A) is alert and curious about his/her external environment (B) shows a range of activities, e.g. exploration (C) interacts with other members of the herd/flock (D) interacts with humans (E) avoids humans at a reasonable flight distance (F) plays

Name the six primary stressors that animals in captivity are faced with (A - F)

(A) lack of sensory stimuli relevant to the species (B) restricted movement, feeding andother behavioural opportunities (C) abnormal social groups and lack of area to retreat to (D) forced proximity to humans - especially for wild-caught species kept in zoos, circuses (E) too little environmental control (F) too much predictability (wild species)

(A) Which one of the five types of animal law is most beneficial to animal welfare? (B) Which is most harmful? Justify your answers

(A) laws that improve animal welfare - these require positive actions and place a duty of care on those who are responsible for an animal to ensure their welfare. Gives set standards for general welfare, and is therefore effective. (B) laws that improve public health - promotion of public health may be at the detriment of animals. e.g.: can allow for the inhumane death of certain species (via poison, trapping, etc) with very limited punishment for misuse

Name five types of animal law that may have an impact (positive or negative) on animal welfare

(A) laws that protect species / the environment (B) laws that ban certain activities (C) laws that prohibit cruelty (D) laws that control methods of production (E) laws that improve animal welfare (F) laws that improve animal health: animal health act (G) laws that improve public health: human health act

How is it that two individuals of the same species in the same jurisdictional area may be afforded different levels of protection according to the law?

(A) legal protection afforded to an animal may be dependent on its status and circumstances. Animals may protected by different legislation depending on whether the animal is a pet, a farmed animal, a zoo animal, an experimental animal or a pest.

What are the three levels of priority with regards to the furniture provided to a kept animal? (A - C)

(A) life-sustaining- feeding, drinking, sheltering (B) health-sustaining - exercise (e.g. climbing areas), avoidance of others (e.g. hiding boxes, visual barriers), maintenance of territory (posts for scent-marking) (C) comfort-sustaining - toys, novel objects, scratching posts.

List five potential behavioural indicators of poor welfare

(A) limited range of activity - e.g.: no play, no response to external stimuli (B) sickness behaviours (C) pain behaviours (D) abnormal fear or aggression towards humans (E) fighting (F) stereotypies

Name four categories of animals that may need to be saved/aided during a disaster

(A) livestock, working animals, companion animals (B) animals in shelters (C) animals in zoos and laboratories (D) in-patients at veterinary clinics

Name common methods of poultry transport that may or may not meet welfare standards

(A) loose crates on a vehicle (B) modules with several drawers - in some modular crate systems, the birds are unloaded at the processing plant simply by tipping the crates, with the birds falling up to two metres onto a conveyor belt (C) 'side-loaders' - fixed crates in which birds are directly loaded onto the lorry. (D) informal transport - birds crowded into containers not designed for them or hung upside down from side of vehicle - causes them physical discomfort and fear.

What are three signs of death following a barbiturate overdose? (A - C)

(A) loss of spinal reflexes (corneal reflex, toe-pinch) (B) Extreme mydriasis (dilation of the pupil of the eye) and glassy appearance to cornea (C) cessation of breathing (D) heartbeat not palpable or audible

What are the three main categories of welfare inputs (resources that are available to the animal)?

(A) management/stockperson resources (e.g. how well trained the stockperson is; how much time he or she has to care for the animals). (B) environment resources (e.g. the kind of housing; the quality and amount of the animals' food; the use of vaccines, anthelmintics, etc.). (C) animal resources and suitability (e.g. the animal's genetic makeup and early experience, which affects disease resistance, fear thresholds, etc.).

What are two limitations of using physiological responses to assess welfare? (A & B)

(A) many are not visible (B) many are non-specific and do not indicate if the experience is positive or negative

Give three reasons why animals may not be saved in a disaster based on preparedness of owners

(A) many livestock owners in rural communities lack the resources required to be prepared (B) frequently occurring disasters may impact the ability of owners to recover and prepare before the next disaster hits (C) many pet owners may also be unprepared - animals may not have adequate means of transportation (e.g.: cat carriers) or may lack identification which prevents them being returned to their owners even if they are saved

Give three criticisms of the Utilitarian standpoint that the use of animals as test subjects is justified by the benefits to people

(A) many new products (e.g.: cosmetics) are unnecessary for human or animal health, only for commercial gain (B) animals are also used to test non-vital human ailments (e.g. baldness) (C) animal data do not necessarily predict human data, e.g. polio vaccine

Give five ways of improving welfare of animals at dry markets (A - E)

(A) maximum stocking densities - marked on pens (B) enough pens to prevent mixing (C) raised loading / unloading bays with non-slip ramps and floors (D) ready access to veterinary treatment and means for humane slaughter (E) shelter if animals will be exposed for long periods

What are the three main categories of animal welfare outputs that can be measured in a welfare assessment?

(A) measures of disease (e.g. lameness, coughing and other clinical signs) and of production (body weight; milk production). (B) measures of behaviour (e.g. the amount of time a cow spends lying down, or the presence of stereotypic behaviour). (C) measures of physiology (e.g. heart rate, BP, respiratory rate).

What two measures are used to determine whether an animal is "normal" with regard to human contact? (A & B)

(A) measures of flight zone - animal's personal space regarding proximity to humans (B) measures of approach - i.e. time taken to approach the person. The more time = the more caution/fear

Give six requirements of an ideal method of humanely killing

(A) method of choice must be reliable and irreversible, and rapidly induce unconsciousness and death without pain, distress or anxiety to the animal (B) method must not pose a risk to personnel or veterinarian (e.g.: shooting, needles, dangerous gases, etc) (C) method must be feasible in the given circumstances (financially and logistically) (D) method must be "aesthetically" acceptable to the client (E) available staff must be able to administer the method competently (F) method must produce a dead body that can be disposed of safely and does not pose a risk to humans or other animals

Briefly describe the following: (A) The "Contractarian" view on animal welfare (B) The "Utilitarian" view on animal welfare

(A) morality and ethics are based on mutual contracts with other people. As animals cannot speak or enter contractual agreements, we do not have moral obligations towards them, and need only treat them well insofar as benefits ourselves or to honour contracts with other people (B) emphasizes the consequence of an action, i.e. the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. Therefore, the use of nonhuman animals is acceptable, but only if the happiness their exploitation causes is greater than the harm it causes.

Give examples of key behaviours that need to be accommodated via EE in the following domestic species: (A) Laying hens (B) Dairy cows (C) Pigs (D) Horses

(A) motivations to roost at night, to dust-bathe (groom), and to nest when they lay eggs (B) need to exercise, social interactions, tendency to feed as a group, rest (C) rooting / exploring, nest building in sows, social contact, rest (D) foraging - access to pasture for at least six hours per day, need for companionship in the stables, visual and tactile contact with other horses / animals, rest

Name seven resources/services that can be included in preparation for natural disasters that can potentially reduce the impact of these events on animals

(A) national warning systems (B) vaccination programmes (C) animal shelters (D) evacuation protocols (E) storage of food and water (F) animal identification (G) veterinary clinic preparedness plans

What are the two primary approaches used in the design and application of environmental enrichment for captive animals?

(A) naturalistic approach - the captive environment is built to resemble the one that the species has in the wild (B) behavioural approach - where the captive environment may be very artificial but it allows the animal to satisfy their behavioural needs.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using shooting as a method of euthanasia (A & B)

(A) no direct contact with the animal - no need for restraining and can be used when the animal is aggressive or dangerous (B) must be conducted by a competent, well-trained person, and is not ideal for used in enclosed spaces - can cause noise and distress to another animals

What are the six key compnents that may determine whether animals receive adequate nutritional in human care? (A - F)

(A) number of animals to be fed (B) time available to feed them (C) cost of labour (D) cost of the feed (E) economic value of the animal (F) owner's income and profit margins

Give three ways in which the nutritional state of an animal can affect their physical comfort for the following: (A) Obese animals (C) Undernourished animals

(A) obese animals: - temperature regulation - obese animals can suffer in hot weather because the fat on their bodies retains heat within the body - ease of movement - obese animals may have difficulty supporting themselves when they urinate or defecate (B) undernourished animals: - body temperature - under-nourished animals are thin and lack the insulation of body fat and thus may struggle to stay warm - cushioning surface - very thin animals are prone to sores and skin infections because their bones have no fat cover and little muscle cover

When scheduling the euthanasia of an animal, especially a pet, what three steps should be taken to ensure the process is as smooth as possible?

(A) obtain written consent from the owner to perform the procedure (B) schedule the procedure with plenty of time to talk to the owner and explain the process, as well as conduct the procedure without rushing (C) expect and be empathetic to the feelings and grief of the client, help them to feel that their animal's life/death was important, and not simply just routine procedure for you

(A) What is the priamry welfare concern with regards to housing of laboratory animals? (B) Is there a benefit to the researcher of improving these standards?

(A) often meet minimum requirements for animals to survive, resulting in barren environments with no enrichment or socialisation. This leads to boredom and stress when animals cannot perform natural behaviours (B) Yes. Benefits extend to the validity of the data that animals provide to their researcher. Traditional barren housing and stressful routine handling can affect laboratory animals' behaviour, physiology and cognitive development, to the point where it interferes with the researchers' data.

What are the five primary reasons for carrying out a welfare assessment (A - E)?

(A) often used as the basis for the reform of animal welfare legislation. (B) used to improve conditions for animals in human care (C) to check for any health or welfare problems (D) to ensure early action is taken (E) can be a legal requirement

Name three commonly used and acceptable methods of euthanasia (A - C)

(A) overdose of drugs (intravenous pentobarbital) (B) stunning and exsanguination - including penetrative and non-penetrative stunning (electrical stunning) (C) shooting - free bullet- pistol, rifle, shotgun

What options are there for euthanasia of the following: (A) small cetaceans (marine mammals such as dolphins and whales) (B) large cetaceans

(A) overdose of etorphine or barbiturates, or shooting in the head with a rifle (B) there are no reliable methods available, and refloated animals usually do not survive due to compromised circulation

Give four clinical factors can make animals hungry despite a balanced diet (A- D)

(A) parasites - gastrointestinal (GI) parasites cause inflammation of the GI tract and may absorb much of the digested food there (B) maldigestion (e.g.: due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency which is seen in dogs) (C) malabsorption - animal cannot absorb the digested food. Most commonly this is caused by inflammation or neoplasia of either the small bowel or the large bowel (D) malutilisation - this happens as result of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus

List four methods that are used for humane killing of wild birds

(A) pentobarbital injection (into occipital sinus, leg/wing vein or intrahepatically) (B) percussive stunning (for small birds) (C) gaseous anaesthetic (D) intracardiac potassium chloride

In order to assess the extent of a particular welfare issue, what three measures should be estimated? (A - C)

(A) percentage of animals affected (B) how badly they are affected(severity) (C) how long the problem has been going on for(duration)

Give definitions and examples of the following with regards to mitigation of disasters and their impacts: (A) structural mitigation strategies (B) non-structural mitigation strategies

(A) physical changes or acts of protection from disasters or hazards, e.g.: - housing animals away from flood plains - managing grazing (B) non-physical strategies which make use of use knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce disaster risks, e.g.: - education programmes, e.g. advising owners about the risks of disasters - strengthening veterinary services (e.g. herd health management, epidemiology)

What are the five categories of EE that should be provided to kept animals? (A - E)

(A) physical: housing - size and complexity are important (space and provision for natural behaviours) (B) occupational - e.g.: exercise, toys (should provide a variety of stimulation), furniture (C) nutritional - e.g.: natural foraging behaviours (D) social enrichment - should be based on typical species behaviour in the wild, & should allow for withdrawal/refuge from other animals and humans (E) sensory - auditory, olfactory, gustatory, visual, tactile

List three ways laws should prevent ongoing/recurrent cruelty of animals when owners are accused of of violating cruelty laws

(A) power of seizure of the affected animals (and those dependant on them) - prevents defendant retaining ownership of the animal during proceedings (B) prohibition of ownership of animals - ensures the convicted party is banned from owning animals (C) prohibition of care or control over animals - prevents ownership being transferred but the convicted party still taking care of animals

What are the five stages of transport to markets in which animal welfare needs to be ensured?

(A) pre-transport handling (B) loading (C) transport (D) unloading at market (wet vs. dry) (E) holding pens (en route and at market)

What are the four main components that constitute disaster management

(A) prevention and mitigation (B) preparedness (C) response (D) recovery

Give seven examples of ways research methods can be refined to improve conditions for laboratory animals

(A) providing appropriate anaesthetic and analgesic regimes (B) training animals to co-operate with certain procedures (e.g. taking blood samples) so the animals are less stressed (C) ensuring that accommodation meets the animals' needs (e.g. providing opportunities for nesting for rodents) (E) preventing visualisation of procedures for other animals (F) reducing lab holding times (G) transport arrangements between facilities / appropriate containers (H) use of new techniques/technologies - imaging, telemetry

What are the four primary categories of factors that affect human behaviours towards animals? (A - D) Give examples in each category

(A) psychological factors: cognitive dissonance, attitudes, personality, experience, empathy, mood (B) sociological factors: job conditions, time pressure, personal circumstances (C) physical factors: design of housing / infrastructure (D) anthropocentrism: interpreting reality in terms of human experience - pets

Name three non-regulatory methods that can be effective in improving animal welfare standards in the long term

(A) public education campaigns (B) government-funded research (ultimately informs policy) (C) "soft laws" - international declarations and commitments by governments to improving welfare standards

Give five examples of possible nutritional EE for various species (A - E)

(A) puzzle feeders - containers with holes in them. In order to extract food from the feeder, the animal has to manipulate it. May be a ball that the animal rolls or pushes (pigs, horses, cats), or it might allow the animal to insert a paw (cats). (B) Feeding poles - used for large carnivores in zoos - the animal has to climb the pole to access meat or a carcass (C) Hiding food - allows expression of appetitive component of feeding motivation and, in many cases, to use their highly developed sense of smell (e.g. pigs, dogs, bears). (D) Fresh food, e.g. fruits and vegetables for birds and rabbits, provides sensory enrichment for animals who are otherwise fed the same commercial diet day after day (E) nipple-feeders - dairy calves, suckling behaviour component of their feeding behaviour

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of captive bolt stunning (A & B)

(A) rapid insensibility and loss of consciousness (B) site of application of the captive bolt is very important, to ensure that the bolt enters the correct part of the brain and does not go into the sinuses - requires good training in the correct positioning and use of the weapon

What are two important components of recovery in disaster-affected communities?

(A) reconstructing their physical infrastructure (B) restoring emotional, social, economic and physical wellbeing

Give three ways in which the efficacy of EE strategies can be measured?

(A) reduction in abnormal repetitive behaviours (B) increase in positive species-typical behaviours such as exploration and play (C) improvement in health and productivity

What are the two types of replacement that can be applied to the use of animals in research?

(A) relative replacement: use cells, tissues, organs (B) absolute replacement: use inanimate systems (e.g. computer modelling)

Define the following with regard to abnormal/substitute behaviours in animals: (A) stereotypies (B) redirected behaviours

(A) repetitive behaviours in an unchanging pattern that serve no obvious purpose (B) behaviour itself is not abnormal but is directed to an abnormal substrate, eg calves cross-sucking other calves

Give the important considerations when designing EE for wild species in the following circumstances: (A) short-term captivity (B) long-term captivity

(A) reproduce ALL SALIENT features of natural habitat - do not allow animals to become habituated/dependent on captive conditions (B) reproduce POSITIVE SALIENT features of natural habitat - Reduce or eliminate those features that would cause poor welfare

In response to the outcry over the use of animals in research ethicists at the Danish Veterinary School in Copenhagen have suggested that animals should only be used if which three conditions are met?

(A) research issue must be of vital importance (B) there must be no other way to study the issue except by using animals (C) animals should not suffer more than the experiment requires - e.g.: they should have enriched housing unless that would confound the results

What four tests much each batch of veterinary vaccines go through before being approved, which may require animal testing?

(A) safety - no adverse effects (B) purity - no additional substances that might cause adverse effects (C) potency - enough of the antigen to stimulate immune response (D) efficacy - adequate immune response

Complete the sentence: understanding animal welfare involves (A), deciding how to apply those findings involves (B)

(A) science (B) ethics

What are four primary concerns about the continued use of animals in teaching at schools and univerisities?

(A) seen as Utilitarian: diminishes respect of life and sentience (which is contradictory veterinary training) (B) efficacy: several studies show use of animals is no more effective than alternatives (C) concerns of animal welfare: housing, pain relief, euthanasia, etc. (D) Lack of data, e.g.: - numbers of animals killed for the purposes of dissection, etc. are not recorded - relatively few controlled comparisons of the learning outcomes using traditional methods vs. alternatives

What four common situations may necessitate the need for euthanasia/humane killing of individual animals?

(A) severely injured animals (B) animals with terminal conditions (C) aggressive animals (D) aged animals where there are no resources for their needs

In what ways should the three R's be more firmly enforced in the research sphere in order to ensure optimisation of animal welfare for laboratory animals

(A) should be a required point of discussion in order for research papers to be accepted and published by academic journals (B) should be a requirement from funding agencies to be included in research proposals (C) universities and research authorities should have ethics / welfare committees that approve or disapprove research based on these criteria

Name three other types of killing that are often mistermed as euthanasia

(A) slaughter (e.g.: of livestock for human consumption) (B) emergency killing (e.g.: to control disease outbreaks) (C) humane killing (killing using a method that causes minimum pain and distress to the animal, but may not be motivated by the animal's best interests)

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the percussive killing of small animals

(A) small mammals, reptiles, birds and fish can be killed quickly and effectively using a "priest" (short, heavy rod), often without the need for exsanguination (B) training in the use of percussion and effective restraint of the animal are important, to ensure an effective stun/kill at the first attempt

Give four factors that may affect the range of "normal" behaviours displayed by a healthy animal

(A) species (B) breed (C) age - young animals -more active, likely to play, more time sleeping (D) environment - may be limited to what is available within a pen. (E) group size and interaction (e.g. the presence of dominant male and young males) (F) season (e.g. breeding, migration).

Give five examples of responses/resources that can be used to assist and will aid in minimising the impacts of a disaster on animals

(A) static and mobile vet clinics (B) search and rescue operations (C) provision of emergency food (D) temporary shelters (E) reuniting owners with animals

List three behavioural traits that animals may display due to lack of environmental enrichment in confined environments

(A) stereotypies (frustration behaviour) - e.g.: bar biting in sows, likely due to lack of ability to forage (B) stereotypies (boredom behaviour) - complex and not related to any particular frustration e.g.: tail chasing in dogs (C) passivity (boredom behaviour) - e.g.: dog sitting posture for sows in single stalls

Give ten examples of unacceptable, inhumane methods for killing animals

(A) suffocation/smothering (B) air embolisms (C) chloroform (D) cyanide (E) drowning (F) exsanguination of conscious animals (G) burning (H) freezing (I) unapproved or household drugs (J) neuromuscular blocking (death by asphyxiation)

Typically, negative emotions tend to motivate behaviours that meet an immediate need for (A), while positive emotions motivate behaviours that are not needed urgently but which have a (B) benefit

(A) survival (B) long-term

Give examples of key behaviours that need to be accommodated via EE in the following species: (A) cats (B) dogs

(A) tendencies towards either solitary or sociable behaviour (depends on history and breed), exploratory behaviours, "hide and perch", scratching of claws, burying of excrement (litter tray), rest (B) play (other dogs and toys), exercise, social contact (people and other dogs), novel stimulation, rest

Name the six primary areas of training that a veterinarian would require when facing a disaster

(A) the Incident Command System (B) hazardous materials and decontamination (C) public health issues and community education (D) managing your emotional well-being (E) human first aid/life support and initial care (F) management and care of animals in an emergency, e.g. use of ropes for large animals, mass vaccination, triage, euthanasia

What three important components of animal welfare are reflected in an animal's behaviour?

(A) the animal's physical functioning (B) the animal's mental state/feelings (C) whether the animal has the opportunity to perform important natural behaviours

Give four sources of welfare concerns at wet markets (A - D)

(A) the conditions of transport to market (B) the conditions of transport home with the consumer (C) holding conditions at the market (D) slaughter methods at the market (if personnel are not properly trained), or when the owner slaughters his or her newly purchased animal at home

Define the following: (A) Animal welfare (B) Animal rights

(A) the desire to prevent unnecessary animal suffering. Whilst not categorically opposed to the use of animals, animal welfare promotes good quality of life and humane death (B) the philosophical belief that animals should have rights, including the right to live their lives free of human intervention. Animal rightists are philosophically opposed to the use of animals by humans, however some view "symbiotic" relationships such as companion animals as acceptable

List three problems with the Five Freedoms (A - C)

(A) the freedoms may conflict - e.g. keeping animals 'free from disease' can cause them fear and distress, from handling during treatment (B) the freedoms emphasise avoiding negative experiences rather than promoting positive ones (C) freedoms are ideal states that are extremely difficult to achieve

(A) Define euthanasia (B) What situations should this term be restricted to?

(A) the humane killing of an animal for its own benefit (B) the term is best restricted to killing that is in the best interest of the animal whose life is being ended, i.e. to relieve suffering, or to prevent future suffering.

(A) What is the concept of "One Health" (B) What is the link to animal welfare?

(A) the ideology behind One Health is that human health and animal health are interdependent and bound to the health of the ecosystems in which they exist. (B) a key focus area of One Health is understanding diseases, especially those that put both humans and animals at risk. Animal welfare is involved because disease has a large impact on feelings and function. Animals may also have to be slaughtered/euthanised in large numbers which may result in welfare issues

What is important for veterinarians to understand with regards to a particular behaviour displayed by an animal?

(A) the motivation behind the behaviour

(A) What is patient triage? (B) Why is it necessary during a disaster?

(A) the prioritization of patient care (or victims during a disaster) based on illness/injury, severity, prognosis, and resource availability. (B) In order to help as many animals as possible with the limited time/resources available, prioritising those that need help the most, and euthanise those that are beyond help to minimise further suffering

Give three examples of other internal and external factors that can affect motivation to perform certain behaviours? (A - C)

(A) the stress response - can inhibit eating, defecation and urination (B) availability of substrate - some behaviours are directed towards specific substrates, and will not occur if the substrate is not present. If motivation is strong enough, alternative substrate may be used despite not being ideal (C) disease - debilitation or feelings of weakness, pain, etc. may inhibit the performance of behaviours that might otherwise be important to the animal

Ideally, laws should reflect the scientific and ethical views of society. Give three reasons why laws often set low standards of animal welfare.

(A) there may not be public money available to enforce higher standards (B) the public is not aware of welfare problems (C) government/public are not willing to spend money on enforcing higher standards of welfare.

Explain why the following are important welfare concerns: (A) inappropriate behaviour by humans / handlers during loading / unloading and transport (B) signs of inappropriate / atypical behaviour by animals during the transport process

(A) these negatively impact the welfare of the animal - abuse or lack of appropriate handling during loading and unloading can contribute greatly to animals' stress and can also result in pain or injury (beating / tail fractures, etc) (B) these indicate reduced state of welfare - fear and distress induced by humans and other animals may lead to atypical behaviour such as aggression; pain and injuries may lead to social withdrawal; etc

Give five reasons why it is important to save companion animals during a disaster (A -E)

(A) they are an important part of people's lives (B) they provide support and comfort for owners that have survived the disaster - quicker psychological recovery (C) similarly, loss of domestic pets can add to people's psychological distress and PTSD (D) often owners refuse to evacuate without them, leading to complications with rescue efforts (E) abandoned animals will contribute to populations of stray, which may pose a risk to people due to disease

What are the three primary concerns for animals used in research / animal testing facilities?

(A) they are often subject to painful and invasive procedures (B) animals' housing and care does not benefit them, and little or no effort is made to mimic their natural environment and allow for natural behaviours (C) the benefits to people of doing research on animals is limited, or can be achieved using alternative methods

(A) Briefly explain the "lock-in" concept (B) How does this concept apply to the use of animals in the pharmaceutical industry?

(A) this concept involves a large initial investment that subsequently yields increasing returns and inexpensive production, leading to reluctance to change this path even if alternatives are available due to the level of investment and expense of changing methods (B) animals were chosen as the most effective path when other, more recent technological alternatives were not available. Today there is huge infrastructure, e.g. research labs, private testing companies, breeders, staff, regulatory bodies, academic departments, funding agencies, etc that make this a well-established industry. Therefore, the losses and cost of changing methods has led to "lock in"

Give eight conditions that indicate animals are unfit for travel

(A) those that are sick, injured, weak, disabled or fatigued (B) those unable to stand unaided and bear weight on each leg (C) those that are blind in both eyes (D) those that cannot be moved without causing them additional suffering (E) newborns with an unhealed navel (F) pregnant animals who would be in the final 10 per cent of their gestation period at the planned time of unloading (G) females travelling without young, who have given birth within the previous 48 hours (H) those whose body condition would result in poor welfare because of the expected climatic conditions

Young animals tend to play more than adults. What are three potential reasons for play in young animals?

(A) to develop activities they will need when older, e.g. young cats learn to hunt by stalking other members of the group, or their mother's tail (B) to develop and strengthen muscles (needed for flight, hunting, fighting, etc.) (C) to strengthen bonds with other members of the group.

(A) Why is food typically withheld before transportation? (B) What are the consequences of this, particularly on long journeys?

(A) to prevent travel sickness - vomiting / diarrhea (some species like pigs show increased mortality if food is not withheld prior to travelling) (B) lack of food for more than 12 hours causes prolonged hunger and may lead to weakness / dehydration

What are the four specific objectives of environmental enrichment?

(A) to provide opportunities to show species-typical behaviours (B) to increase an animal's ability to cope with challenges of confinement (relatively high stocking density compared to the wild, interaction with handlers or visitors in zoos) (C) to reduce the frequency of abnormal behaviours and negative emotional states (D) to increase positive interaction with the environment and positive emotional states

Why is it important as a veterinarian to understand the motivation behind a particular behaviour displayed by an animal?

(A) to understand whether the behaviour constitutes a problem/welfare issue or not. e.g.: playing vs. fighting (B) to identify the motivation behind aggressive behaviour, e.g.: territory, fear, dominance, which is important in handling the animal and solving the problem (C) to provide advice to clients on why certain behaviours are occurring and whether they are of concern or not, as well as how to resolve them

(A) What are the two phases following the successful electrical stunning of a mammal?

(A) tonic phase - brief phase in which the animal is stiif (B) followed by clonic phase - body relaxes and there is kicking, defecation and downward movement of the eyeballs

Give four ways a stockman can adequately prepare animals for transport to reduce stress and the likelihood of negative experiences (A - D)

(A) training of 'lead animal' (B) colostrum for calves to ensure strength for the journey (C) vaccinations e.g. respiratory vaccines for calves and beef animals (D) giving hay to cattle who have been on pasture for two days ahead of transport - reduces water content of faeces and thus slipperiness of loading / transport surfaces

Name four important areas of training that drivers should undergo before transporting live animals (A - D)

(A) training on legal / technical requirements of vehicle and loading / operating processes (B) training on species being transported - behaviour, needs, indicators of stress, methods to reduce casualties, euthanasia plans (C) training on monitoring and adapting conditions en route - e.g.: effect of climate - temperature and humidity, ventilation adjustment (D) training in protocols for vehicle cleaning and disinfection between loads of animals

Define the following and give two examples of each: (A) rapid onset disasters (B) slow onset disasters

(A) unfold almost instantly, often without warning, and tend to create their destruction through the immediate physical impacts - e.g.: wildfires, earthquakes (B) an be predicted much further in advance and unfold over months or even years, and create crises through the economic and social impacts in addition to physical impacts - e.g.: drought, unusually harsh winters

(A) What is ad libitum food delivery? (B) Briefly describe the two possible methods of limiting food resources

(A) unlimited access to food - allows animals to follow their natural pattern of eating in bouts, but may result in overeating and obesity (compromises health and welfare) (B) - quantitative restriction: limit quantity of high-quality food - restrict amount of feed, restrict time allowed to feed, make access to food more difficult - qualitative restriction: ad libitum access to low-quality food (increased fibre - quantity unaffected)

What three components or guidelines are important in an animal welfare assessment?

(A) use the Five Freedoms as the framework (B) assess welfare inputs and outputs (C) quantify problem using severity, duration and number of animals affected.

(A) Who usually makes the decision to euthanise large numbers of animals? (B) What are the possible roles of the veterinarian in these cases? (B) Give two examples of reasons for mass euthanasia of animals

(A) usually the public or a legal authority (B) veterinarians may be asked to advise on whether euthanasia is necessary, or may just be required to carry out the euthanasia

(A) Describe the injection site for an intraperitoneal injection of barbiturates. (B) What areas of the abdomen should be avoided?

(A) ventral midline (half-way) or right lower lateral abdomen (B) avoid left abdomen because of the stomach. Avoid caudal abdomen because of bladder

Give seven conditions in which animals may be transported, but are at higher risk of welfare issues, and therefore require special handling or monitoring during transport (A - G)

(A) very large or obese animals (B) the very young or very old (C) those who are excitable or aggressive (D) animals who get motion sickness (pigs) (E) animals who are unused to humans (F) females in the last third of pregnancy (G) females in heavy lactation

Give two reasons why veterinarians need to be trained in disaster management

(A) veterinarians have a professional duty of care to animals, and can help alleviate suffering during disasters by treatment or euthanasia (B) clients and communities will look to veterinarians for help during disasters due to the importance of their animals to their lives / livelihoods

What roles may veterinarians need to assume during a disaster?

(A) vets may act as key personnel, e.g. organising and coordinating relief efforts for stranded/injured animals etc. (B) vets may be needed as ad hoc experts until larger veterinary relief services arrive (C) vets may also be necessary to help protect public health, e.g.: due to the increased risk of zoonoses from displaced / stray animals

(A) What are three common situations in which fighting amongst domestic animals may occur (B) What are the primary reasons for this behaviour?

(A) when animals are mixed with new animals: - post-weaning - markets - transport to slaughter (B) fear, territorial protection, social dominance, competition for food

Even if a law is aimed at improving animal welfare, give three possible reasons why it may have limited effectiveness

(A) wording - poorly worded texts may cause unexpected welfare problems or be unenforceable. Reinterpretation by industry bodies may also occur if wording of laws is not specific enough. (B) lack of enforcement - which may be due to limited resources, differing priorities of government departments, or limited power afforded to enforcement personnel. (C) legislation may conflict with other international/domestic laws that may limit its effectiveness

What should be the personal order of priorities for you as a veterinarian when dealing with a disaster?

(A) you and your family/other people - life support (B) staff and animals at your clinic/facility - follow preparedness plan (C) your community - Incident Command System

Which animals can be considered sentient?

- all vertebrates - some invertebrates, including e.g. squid, octopus and possibly some crustaceans

Explain how Article III of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) can reduce animal welfare

- article III of the GATT obliges countries to treat imported goods and locally produced goods equally - prevents discrimination between goods on the grounds of production methods - consequently, imported lower-welfare food may be cheaper than local higher-welfare food - where there is good domestic legislation for animals, Article III is seen to encourage a market for low-welfare imports, resulting in suffering for many animals in other parts of the world

What steps must be taken in terms of determining if animals are fit for travel prior to transport?

- each animal should be inspected by a veterinarian or an animal handler - if fitness to travel is in doubt, the animal should be examined by a veterinarian (animal handler not qualified to make the final call)

What is the difference between allostasis and homeostasis?

- homeostasis refers to processes that maintain body systems (such as blood pH or body temperature) within narrow operating ranges. - allostasis refers to maintaining stability through altering physiologic parameters to counteract changes in conditions

Under what circumstances is exsanguination not a safe method of euthanasia?

- if infectious disease present, exsanguination provides increased risk of transmission / contamination

Explain what a qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA) entails

- spontaneous descriptive terms are used to summarise a live animal's behavioural/emotional state e.g.: content, aggressive, subdued - statistical processes are used to summarise those terms into an overall assessment of the animal's welfare. - the assessments are then compared with known quantitative indicators of the animal's welfare.

What are the two primary theories as to why humans form attachments to animals?

1. Attachment theory - based on the fact that humans are a social species with associated emotions, and therefore naturally want to form emotional bonds with non-human animals as well as with each other. 2.Biophilia - based on a love of living beings / nature. Urban settings separate us from nature and we cope with this feeling of disconnection, in part, by keeping animals as companions.

Define legislation

A law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament

Define the "response" in the context of a disaster

Actions taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after impact to ensure that the effects are minimised and that people/animals are given immediate relief and support

Define environmental enrichment (EE)

Alteration of environment of captive animals in order to increase their behavioural diversity and thus improve their welfare

Define "preparedness" in the context of disaster management

Arrangements to ensure that, should a disaster occur, all the resources and services which may be needed to cope with the effects of a disaster can be rapidly mobilised and deployed

Why are laws aimed at improving animal health (e.g. animal health act) not necessarily good for animal welfare?

Even though the regulations that are put in place are related to animals, their purpose is normally always to benefit humans - i.e. to stop the spread of diseases which affect animals that are farmed or consumed by people. As the protection of people is key, the welfare of the animals relevant to the law may not be acknowledged or prevalent.

If the injection of barbiturates into a vein is unsuccessful (e.g.: because the animal is hypotensive, or is frightened and struggling): what alternative injection site for barbiturates can be used?

Intraperitoneal injection

Is the performance of stereotypies by an animal an indication that the animal is suffering more than others in the same environment?

No - stereitypies may be some animals' way of adapting to their environment. These actions also typically release endorphins in their brain, and they may gain some relief from frustration and some pleasure by performing the stereotypy - may be better adapted to a restrictive environment than animals who do not show stereotypies

Are ethics just preferences? Justify your answer

No. A preference requires no rational defense whereas ethical principles are based on moral justifications (i.e. reasons leading to a conclusion, not simply a personal preference without justification)

Is euthanasia the same as mercy killing? Why?

No. Euthanasia is typically performed to end an animal's suffering, or to prevent unavoidable future suffering, and is performed in a manner that ensures the animal has a "good death". Mercy killing describes the motive for killing, not the manner of death, and it is not always humane

Are veterinarians obliged to comply with the owner's wishes in cases where they disagree on the justfication for an animal's death? (e.g.: in the case of "convenience euthanasia" where the animal's death may be more for the owner's benefit?)

No. The veterinarian may refuse to carry out the owners wishes. In addition, vets may encourage owners to hand over the animal to a shelter so that it may be rehomed, rather than ending its life.

Are stereotypies associated with good welfare in some cases?

No. They are typically associated with signs of poor welfare, and indicate poor conditions - e.g. lack of space or substrate for important behaviours

Does the absence of negative feelings equate to the good welfare of an animal?

No. To have good welfare, it is important to have positive feelings such as happiness, safety, satisfaction, etc

Who typically decides whether an animal is euthanised?

The decision to euthanise is normally taken by the owner, with advice from the vet. Legally, in most jurisdictions, animals are the owner's property and vets cannot decide what to do for the animal; only the owner can

What is important to know when designing nutritional EE for an animal, particularly wild animals in captivity?

The natural feeding behaviour of the animal - including characteristics of appetence and consummatory behaviours - carnivores eat to relieve hunger, and may expend large amounts of energy / traverse long distances to find prey - my lead to restlessness and stereotypies when they cannot do this in captivity - herbivores eat to prevent hunger, and typically are either browers or grazers - stereotypies are usually oral, e.g.: tongue-rolling in cows and crib-biting in horses

Why does the inability of an animal to perform natural behaviours lead to poor welfare of an animal?

The need to show a behaviour is instinctual, and therefore if animals do not live in an environment that permits these behaviours, the animals are likely to experience negative emotions such as frustration and therefore to suffer.

What is the OIE?

World Organisation for Animal Health

(A) What is the definition of a "need"?

a requirement, fundamental in the biology of the animal, to obtain a particular resource or respond to a particular environmental or bodily stimulus

What is the difference between conservation and animal welfare?

conservation focuses on species (and extinction) whereas animal welfare cares about the individual animal (and its suffering). Animal welfarists belief that each individual animal has an intrinsic value, and should be respected and protected, while conservation may be generated by human-centred objectives

Explain why the criticism that ethics is "just subjective" is unfounded?

ethics is not just founded on subjective viewpoints, but on broad agrreement on what is acceptable or not in society. Ethical theories have systematic logical reasoning, and often there is wide agreement between different ethical theories and between the moral values of different cultures / religions / societies.

What condition do pigs typically suffer from if they do not have access to a continuous water supply

hypernatraemia (salt poisoning)

Contrast between welfare inputs and outputs

inputs are the factors that affect welfare (environment and resources), while outputs are the actual result of these factors on welfare (measurement of animal's response to inputs)

What is a "complex" emergency?

involves human conflict (e.g.: war, terror attacks) which may escalate quickly and have consequences for people and animals

Why does animal welfare legislation differ among countries?

modern laws on animal protection are usually informed by scientific information and by ethics. Differing opinions/values and interpretations of science and ethics can lead to different laws around the world

Why is animal welfare education important?

provides opportunities to challenge values, perspectives and behaviours in order to develop a positive attitude towards animals, people and the environment

Do veterinarians typically use quantitative or qualitative methods when assessing the behavioural signs of poor welfare displayed by an animal?

qualitative: a veterinarian will usually note if certain signs are present and use those observations, together with quantitative measures such as heart rate and blood tests, to reach a conclusion about how the animal seems to be faring overall.

What is the definition of a disaster?

serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources

What species are of primary concern for veterinarians?

species in human care: domestic animals and captive wild animals

Why is it important from a personal and professional perspective to have a protocol when it comes to addressing the ethical and practical aspects of euthanasia

takes the pressure off the veterinarian so that they can make good decisions that benefit the animal and focus on the process of carrying out the killing humanely and safely for all concerned. The protocol can cover ethical decisions for given situations, as well as important practical aspects.

Define sentience

the capacity of an animal to feel pain and suffer, as well as experience positive emotions

Explain how the Utilitarian ethical view may justify the use of animals in laboratories / testing facilities

the usage is justified if the benefits to people (and to other animals) outweigh the perceived costs paid by the animals in the project concerned

At what point does a natural hazard become a natural disaster?

when a community is vulnerable and cannot cope with the events. If the community is not vulnerable (e.g. has good infrastructure, earthquake-resistant buildings, flood defences, food supplies, etc.), then the hazard may not be classified as a disaster