c-17 and c-18 development theory stuff

Approximately how many inches does a preschool child grow each year?

3

A mother approaches a primary healthcare provider with a 5-year-old child suffering from pneumonia. The girl is continuously crying and is demanding to see her father. The girl has a short stature. She is pretending to play and not allowing the nurse to administer medication. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; which stage is the child in?

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; the girl is in the initiative versus guilt stage. In this stage, the child likes to pretend and try out new roles to escape. This stage is from 3 years to 6 years of age. In the stage of trust versus mistrust, which is from birth until 1 year of age, the child develops the feeling of trust. The intimacy versus isolation stage refers to young adults when they develop a sense of identity and search for meaningful friendships. In the age group of 1 to 3 years, the child learns some basic self-care activities. It is the stage of autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt. STUDY TIP: Assign stages of Erickson's development to the children and people you know. It will help you to remember Erickson's stages if you have an actual person to consider for each stage.

A mother approaches a primary healthcare provider with a 5-year-old child suffering from pneumonia. The girl has a short stature and is pretending to play and is not listening to the nurse's instructions. She does not allow the nurse to give the nursing care and medications. The girl demands to see her father. According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development; which stage of development is the child in?

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development; the girl is in stage 3. This stage is also called the phallic or oedipal stage. The child is attracted to the parent of the opposite sex and thinks him to be the first love interest, known as Oedipus or Electra complex. This stage lasts from around 3 years to 6 years of age. During the oral stage, lasting from birth till 18 months, the child gets satisfaction from sucking. The anal stage lasts from 18 months to 3 years. During this stage the focus of pleasure is the anal zone. The genital stage is from puberty to adulthood and during this stage the person becomes sexually matured. Test-Taking Tip: Make educated guesses when necessary.

A nurse works in a pediatric unit. What is true of children between 6 and 12 years of age, according to the Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality?

According to the Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development; an individual goes through five stages of psychosocial development. Children between 6 to 12 years of age belong to the latency stage. In this stage, the repressed sexual urges of the earlier stage are channeled into productive activities. An infant in the oral stage finds sucking and oral satisfaction extremely pleasurable. In the anal stage, the focus of pleasure shifts to the anal zone. In the phallic stage, the genitals become the focus of the pleasure. Test-Taking Tip: The most reliable way to ensure that you select the correct response to a multiple-choice question is to recall it. Depend on your learning and memory to furnish the answer to the question. To do this, read the stem, and then stop! Do not look at the response options yet. Try to recall what you know and, based on this, what you would give as the answer. After you have taken a few seconds to do this, then look at all of the choices and select the one that most nearly matches the answer you recalled. It is important that you consider all the choices and not just choose the first option that seems to fit the answer you recall. Remember the distractors. The second choice may look okay, but the fourth choice may be worded in a way that makes it a slightly better choice. If you do not weigh all the choices, you are not maximizing your chances of correctly answering each question.

The nursing student is learning about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Which characteristics suggest that an individual belongs to the conventional reasoning level? Select all that apply.

According to the Kohlberg theory, level II of moral development is conventional reasoning, an individual makes moral decisions which would maintain or improve their relationships in the society. Their aim is to fulfill the expectations of the family and nation. The individual develops a keen sense of loyalty and feels responsible to maintain and support the order of the society. If an individual has limited cognitive thinking, and that thinking is just about self, then this person belongs to level 1 (preconventional level) of moral development. In this level, the reason for a particular behavior is associated with the consequence that the individual believes to occur in response to the act. In Level 3 (postconventional reasoning), the person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles.

Which reflexes of an infant persist into adulthood? Select all that apply.

An important sign of nervous system development and function is the presence and strength of a reflex. Many infant reflexes disappear as the child becomes older. The reflexes present in adulthood and throughout life are blinking, yawning, and coughing. If an adult possesses the startle or suckling reflex, it indicates an abnormality and nervous system damage in the adult. Test-Taking Tip: Remember to use "common sense" and good nursing judgment for multiple response questions by first eliminating incorrect responses. For this question, you could eliminate "Startle" and "Sucking" because they are not normally seen in adults.

The nurse is explaining the developmental milestones in an infant to first-time parents. Which of the following are developmental milestones in infants? Select all that apply.

An infant starts smiling socially around the third month. By 7 months, infants recognize and can respond to their own names. The infant starts sitting with support around the 7th month, not the 4th month. Infants can say words like "mama" or "dada" by the 12th month, not speak in sentences.

A patient has diagnosed presbycusis. Which symptom is most likely present in the patient?

Common age-related change in auditory acuity is called presbycusis. Presbycusis affects the ability to hear high-pitched sounds and sibilant consonants such as s, sh, and ch. Difficulty in distinguishing between dark colors such as blue and black occurs due to changes in color vision and discoloration of the lens. Difficulty in vision when moving from bright to dark environments occurs due to a reduction in the ability to adapt to abrupt changes from dark to light areas. Decline in the ability of the eyes to accommodate from near to far vision is known as presbyopia.

Which findings should the home health care nurse report to the primary health care provider while assessing a 72-year-old patient? Select all that apply.

Disease is not a normal outcome of the aging process. The patient's increase in weight may be due to the accumulation of fluids in the body. Generalized body edema may be a result of less-efficient kidneys, which is an abnormal finding. Increased frequency in urination happens as bladder muscle tone decreases with age. The patient may also have a urinary tract infection, which may be causing the urinary frequency. The nurse immediately reports these assessment findings to the primary health care provider. Normal aging-related changes include decrease in height due to compression of the joints. The skin becomes more dry and wrinkled due to the loss of muscle mass and thinning of the skin.

A school health nurse is assessing the behavior of adolescents in a school. According to Erikson's stage of development, which behavior patterns would be evident in the adolescents? Select all that apply.

Due to the psychosocial development in adolescents, they tend to search for their identity. The search for identity may result in identity confusion. The adolescent may be intolerant to differences, which is considered as a normal defense mechanism against identity confusion. The major task at this stage is to search for a personal identity that is different from the identity of their family. A sense of intimacy is associated with the psychosocial development of early adulthood. The chief developmental task for preschool-age children is to develop a sense of initiative.

Which of Gould's stages of transformation does the nurse expect a 46-year-old patient to be experiencing?

Gould describes the transformations in adult development that occur in a series of stages. Reconciliation and mellowing occurs from the ages of 43 to 50 years. During this stage, the individual grows and becomes more relaxed, tries to correspond with others, and reestablishes cordial relationships. From the ages of 35 to 42 years, the stage of midlife decade transformation occurs. At 50 years and beyond, the stage of stability and acceptance occurs due to realization and life experiences. From the ages of 28 to 34 years, the questioning and reexamination stage of transformation occurs. STUDY TIP: Make notecards or strips of paper with the description (such as "Stability and acceptance") for each of Gould's stages of transformation, without putting the years of life on them. Mix up the cards; then try to order them correctly by reading the descriptions. The act of writing out the stages will help you order them correctly, and untangling the disorder will anchor the stages in your memory.

Which health-promotion factors should the nurse teach a group of middle-aged adults in order to promote well-being? Select all that apply.

In 2011, Berk suggested a list of health promotion factors to promote well-being in middle-aged life. Life investment is time, energy, and money spent in the hope of future benefits, which provides a sense of safety and security to the patient. Moderately intense physical exercise promotes good health among middle-aged adults. A good marriage provides support and companionship. Competitive social relationships are more likely to be a source of stress and friction than a source of well-being. Positive social relationships and mastery of multiple roles promotes wellbeing in midlife.

A nurse is teaching a group of young girls about the process of puberty and development of secondary sexual characteristics. What changes are expected in the girls during puberty? Select all that apply.

Puberty is an important stage of development. Pubic hair growth and development of breasts are secondary sexual characteristics. During this period, the girls may have their first menstrual period, called menarche. Adolescents do experience a growth spurt characterized by an increase in weight and height; however, this adolescent growth spurt is not an indicator of puberty or a secondary sexual characteristic.

A school health nurse is teaching a group of adolescents about prevention of health risks. Which are the most important health risks in this age group that the nurse should address? Select all that apply.

Suicide is an important health risk in adolescence. An adolescent may attempt suicide due to depression and social isolation. Adolescent pregnancies are also a cause of concern in adolescent girls; the teaching should be focused on perinatal nutrition, childcare, and planning for the future. The sexual behavior of adolescents contributes to morbidity and mortality due to sexually transmitted diseases. Stunted growth is not typically a problem faced during adolescence. Falls and injuries are seen more in younger children, not adolescents.

In evaluating the gross-motor development of a 7-month-old infant, which of the following would the nurse expect the infant to do?

The 7-month-old infant should be able to turn from abdomen to back and back to front.

Based on knowledge of Erikson's stages of growth and development, the nurse plans nursing care with the knowledge that old age is primarily focused on:

The developmental stage of Ego Integrity versus Despair (late 60s to death) is focused on feeling positive about life and its meaning and providing a legacy for the next generation.

Which questions does the nurse ask when assessing high-risk behaviors sometimes found among teens? Select all that apply.

The nurse should ask questions to complete a comprehensive assessment of the adolescent's health practices. Adolescents tend to take risks due to their desire to become independent. The nurse should ask the adolescent whether he or she is sexually active. If so, the nurse needs to provide further education regarding safe sex practices. Adolescents also may succumb to peer pressure when it comes to drinking alcohol or using tobacco products. The nurse needs this information in order to effectively teach the adolescent about the dangers of alcohol and tobacco products. Asking the adolescent about his or her religious beliefs is not related to the patient's health. The nurse will not obtain any health information by asking what kind of books the adolescent prefers to read.

A school health nurse is interviewing an adolescent. What strategies of communication should the nurse follow to promote communication between the adolescent and the nurse? Select all that apply.

When interviewing an adolescent, it is important to ask open-ended questions so that they can give information freely. The nurse should look for the meaning behind their words or actions and look for clues regarding their emotional status; children of this age group may not express emotions well. Do not be afraid to ask questions about illegal, unsafe, or otherwise undesirable behavior. Research has shown that they will not interpret the question as approval to engage in that behavior. Most adolescents would prefer to discuss these behaviors privately, so it is best, if possible, to interview an adolescent patient without the parents present.