Calculus 2

sin^2(x)

(1-cox2x)/2

(a^k)/(b^k)

(a/b)^k factoring out the power.

(k + 1)!

(k + 1)k!

polar coordinates

(r, theta) r = radius theta = angles with positive x axis

d/dx [arccsc(x)]

-1/ (|x|(sqrt: x^2 - 1)

d/dx [arccos(x)]

-1/(sqrt: 1 - x^2)

d/dx [arccot(x)]

-1/(x^2 + 1)

int sinx

-cosx

int csc^2(x)

-cotx

d/dx cotx

-csc^2(x)

int cscxcotx

-cscx

d/dx cscx

-cscxcotx

int tanx

-ln|cosx| or ln|secx|

d/dx cosx

-sinx

d/dx [arcsec(x)]

1/ (|x|(sqrt: x^2 - 1))

d/dx [arcsin(x)]

1/(sqrt: 1 - x^2)

d/dx [arctan(x)]

1/(x^2 + 1)

cos^2(x)

1/2 + 1/2cos2x

sin^2(x)

1/2 - 1/2cos2x

d/dx ln(u)

1/u • du/dx

2^(k + 1)

2 • 2^k

cos(2x)

2cos^2 - 1

Power series

Cn(x-a)^n a = center cn = coefficients x = variable

Comparison Test

Find Bn>An if it converges then An converges. Find Bn<An if it diverges An diverges.

Arc Length

L= int: sqrt ( (dy/dt)^2 + (dx/dt)^2) dy

P Test

P </= 1 series diverges P>1 series converges Converges to 1/(p-1)

Integral Test

Positive & decreasing. If integral converges --> series diverges; if ingtegral diverges --> series diverges

Geometric Series

S(n)=

Sequence

Set of numbers

Series

Summation of sequence

LCT

Take lim An/Bn. Choose Bn which you know if it converges/diverges. Lim L, An and Bn converge or diverge together

Taylor Series Remainder

Taylor's Inequality: |Rn(x)| <= M/n+1! |x-a|^n+1

General Slicing Method

V= int: A(x)dx

Washer Method

V= int: piRouter^2 - piRinner^2 dx

Disk Method

V= int: pi[f(x)]^2 dx

LHopital

When lim fx and lim gx equals zero or pos/neg infinity. Lim of fx/gx equals lim f'x/g'x.

cartesian to parametric

copy cat --> set x = t or y = t and substitute use a relationship to write it out

cos(2x)

cos^2(x) - sin^2(x)

d/dx sinx

cosx

1 + cot^2(x)

csc^2(x)

integrals of partial fractions will always work when

denominator factors into linear functions and degree of numerator is lower than degree of denominator --> if not do long division and test the Remainder

d/dx e^(u(x))

e^(u(x)) • u'(x)

b^x

e^(x(lnb))

d/dx e^x

e^x

int e^x dx

e^x + c

e

e^x will always be positive

work

force * distance w varying force or distance w = int a to b ( Force(x) dx )

Adjusting the starting index

from 1 to 0 Replace all the instances of n in the series with n+1

Radius of Convergence

how far x can get from the center and the series can still converge; 1/2 of interval of convergence

Alternating Series Test

if series is alternating if Bn is positive bn's are decreasing; Bn+1 <= Bn limBn --> 0 series converges

Integrating Trig Powers

if sin is odd and cos even --> set aside a sin and u sub w cos if sin is even and cos is odd --> set aside a cos and u sub w sin if both odd --> choose either sin or cos to set aside and u sub w the other if both even --> use different identities to reduce the exponents or number of sin and cos factors

Average Value of a Fn

int a to b ( f(x)dx) / b -a on a continuous fn will always go through its average value

Area between curves

int a to b ( large - small) or (top - bottom) or (right - left)

Integral Remainder Theorem

int from n+1 to infinity of (f(x)dx <= R <= int fron n to infinity f(x)dx in

if a sereis is bounded and monotonic

it will always converge

Definition of e

lim k->infinity of (1 + (1/k))^k Which diverges by ration Test because e>1

series converges if

limit exists as a finite number

int (1/u) du

ln |u| + c

int cscx

ln|cscx-cotx|

int secx

ln|secx+tanx|

int cotx

ln|sinx|

LIATE

log inverse trig Algebraic Trig Exponential u is the first fn that comes up in the list

Taylor Series

method for representing functions as a power series

A of circle

pi • r^2

Approximating Fn's w Power Series

put in form 1/1-(..)

Ratio Test

r<1 converges r> diverges r=1 inconclusive

polar coordinate r

r^2 = x^2 + y^2

d/dx tanx

sec^2(x)

tan^2(x) + 1

sec^2(x)

tan^2(x)+1

sec^2(x)

int secxtanx

secx

d/dx secx

secxtanx

if lim of an doesn't go to zero

series cannot converge

int cosx

sinx

parametric to cartesian

solve for t and substitute look for relationship between x and y and write it out

polar coordinates tan

tan(theta) = y/x

int sec^2(x)

tanx

Integration by parts

uv - int: vdu

Trig Sub: sqrt(x^2 - a^2)

x = asec(x) and sec^2 - 1 = tan^2

Trig Sub: sqrt(a^2 - x^2)

x = asin(x) and 1 - sin^2 = cos^2

Trig Sub: sqrt( a^2+x^2)

x = atan(x) and 1 + tan^2(x) = sec^2

polar coordinates x

x = rcostheta

polar coordinates y

y = rsintheta

Alternating Series Remainder theorem

|R| <= Bn+1 / R

Geometric Series

|r| < 1 converges sum = a/(1-r)