Cancer (1) A- Hallmarks of Cancer

Hallmarks of Cancer

1. Be able to explain that cancers are complex tissues 2.To be able to describe the essential alterations in cell physiology that collectively dictate malignant growth. 3. Be able to discuss how cancer development is a multi-step process.

What do these stand for in relation to cancer? CAF EC PC CSC CC IC ICC

CAF: Cancer- Associated Fibroblast EC: Endothelial Cell PC: Pericyte CSC: Cancer Stem Cell CC: Cancer Cell IC: Immune Inflammatory Cell ICC: Invasive Cancer Cell

Compare and contrast the characteristics of Cancer cells and Normal cells

Cancer cells - Loss of contact inhibition - Increase in GF secretion - Increase in oncogene expression - Loss of TSG's - Neovascularisation Normal cells - Oncogene expression is rare - Intermittent or coordinated SF secretion - Presence of TSGs

The ability of tumor cell pop's to expand in number is determined not only by the rate of proliferation but also by the rate of....

Cell attrition The process of reducing something's strength or effectiveness - Apoptosis is a major part of cell attrition

Explain how normal cells work w/ regards to GS's and how this is different in cancer cells

Normal cells: require GS's before they can move from a quiescent state into an active proliferative state Many oncogenes in the cancer act by mimicking normal growth signalling and tumor cells can generate their own growth signals, which leads to their dependence on stim. from their normal tissue environment

Explain how normal cells work w/ regards to Anti-GS's and how this is different in cancer cells

Normal tissue: multiple antiproliferative signals operate to maintain cellular quiescence & tissue homeostasis; These growth-inhibitory signals. like their GS counterparts are received by transmembrane cell surface receptors coupled to intracellular signalling circuits.

Anti-GSs can block proliferation by 2 distinct mechanisms which are...

(1) Cells forced out of activeproliferative cycle into the quiescent (G0) (2) May be induced to permanently give up their proliferative potential by being induced to enter postmitotic state associated w/ differentiation

The main 6 Hallmarks of Cancer (TARAGG)

1. TISSUE invasion & metastasis 2. Sustained ANGIOGENESIS 3. Limitless REPRODUCTIVE Potential 4. Evading APOPTOSIS 5. Self-sufficiency in GROWTH SIGNALS 6. Insensitivity to Anti-GROWTH SIGNALS

Define an Oncogene

A cancer inducing gene A gene that can transform cells

Define a Tumor Supressor

A gene whose partial or complete inactivation, occurring in either the germ line or the genome of a somatic cells, leads to an increased likelihood of cancer developing Such a gene is responsible for constraining cell proliferation

List the 4 EMERGING HALLMARKS of cancer (There are 2 Emerging & 2 Enabling)

EMERGING - Deregulating cellular energetics - Avoiding immune destruction ENABLING - Genome instability & Mutation - Tumor-promoting inflammation

The mechanisms listed below will lead to which of the 6 hallmarks of cancer (TARAGG) Loss of p53 Activate H-RAS oncogene Lose retinoblastom

Evading APOPTOSIS - Loss of p53 Self-sufficiency in GROWTH SIGNALS - Activate H-RAS oncogene Insensitivity to Anti-GROWTH SIGNALS - Lose retinoblastom

Define 'contact inhibition'

It is a regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick. This process continues until the cells occupy the entire substratum, at this point normal cells will stop replicating.

The mechanism listed below will lead to which of the 6 hallmarks of cancer (TARAGG) Turn on telomerase

Limitless REPRODUCTIVE Potential - Turn on telomerase

The mechanism listed below will lead to which of the 6 hallmarks of cancer (TARAGG) Produce VEGF inducer

Sustained ANGIOGENESIS - Produce VEGF inducer

The mechanism listed below will lead to which of the 6 hallmarks of cancer (TARAGG) Inactivate E-cadherin

TISSUE invasion & metastasis - Inactivate E-cadherin

Oncogene. Tumor suppressor. Which constrains cell proliferation?

TS