Capstone Ch. 14-19

testing

A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 minutes prior to a film on the subject. A post test given 10 minutes after the film shows a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?

focus groups

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called

t test

A study is designed to determine whether the addition of programmed instruction will produce greater achievement scores than the traditional lecture-discussion method. Participants are randomly assigned to two instructional groups. Both groups are tested at the end of the experimental period. What statistical test is indicated?

Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item

Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate?

risk factors

Determinants of disease are often called

a difference of 0.50 standard deviation units

In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents

the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores

In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that

0.80

In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14, and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. Based on these data, what is the ES?

The present standard deviation

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a post test, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?

purposive sampling

In qualitative research, sampling designed to select small groups or individuals likely to be knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon of interest is called

using different kinds of data collection techniques in the analysis and interpretation

In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of

the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is

the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that

random assignment to groups

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that pre-experimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is

deals with both data collection and analysis

Trustworthiness in qualitative research

sampling

When a national poll reports that its survey has a margin of error of 3%, it is referring to error due to

open-ended items

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?

Count how often students check out books from the library

Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?

all of the above a. clarification of research bias b. prolonged engagement c. peer debriefing d. a and c e. all of the above

Which of the following techniques show(s) that the qualitative researcher was concerned with trustworthiness during data analysis?

MET

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?

global questionnaire

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one of four) is the

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

obtrusiveness

A major limitation in the use of video-recording in observational research is its

case-control study

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

confounding factors

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called

Effect Size

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called

studies a small number of participants

The qualitative researcher typically

Skewness

To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left or right. This shift is called

external validity

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing

Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire

instrumentation

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is an issue of

a factoral design

Sometimes it is not possible to actually administer the treatment (e.g., when comparing children who had been in Head Start vs. children who had not). However, the researcher is trying to imply causation. This type of design (something called casual comparative) is referred to as

gathers data from a single person or from a limited number of similar people

The case study

the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies

The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is

list specific objectives to be achieved

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

delimitations

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like

does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect

A basic characteristic of correlational research is that it

Nominal

Data such as sex, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure?

Contingency Table

A chi-squared analysis compares the responses to a question on recreational preferences of males and females at three grade levels. The resulting two-way classification structure is called a

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

A double-blind experiment is one in which

case study

A job analysis is primarily a form of what research technique?

are not as powerful as parametric techniques

A main disadvantage of non-parametric techniques that has frequently been stated (although there is some disagreement with this claim) is that they

less structured

In comparison to survey interviews, qualitative interviews tend to be

longitudinal

In developmental studies, when one wants to determine how individual children change rather than what is typical at each stage, one would prefer the method.

statistical regression

In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the post test means of that group tend to move toward the entire population from which the extreme scores were selected. This threat to internal validity is called

external validity

Multiple-treatment interference and the interaction of selection bias and experimental treatment are threats to

normative

A researcher tests the knowledge that 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States have about nutrition, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade levels. This type of research is a blank survey study?

an observational study

A researcher wants to determine the percentages of time that a teacher spends in various tasks, such as demonstration, explanation, and monitoring students. Which of the following is probably the most valid way to research this?

3

A researcher wishes to know whether there is a significant difference in the number of knee injuries reported among four sports. How many degrees of freedom are there for this chi-squared analysis?

longitudinal

A researcher wishes to study a group of children over a period of 10 years beginning in 2016 and ending in 2025. This is an example of a study.

Chi-squared

A statistical technique that tests for significant differences between observed and expected frequencies of occurrence is

cohort study

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and non exercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This is called a(n)

Delphi survey method

A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the

it is more likely than other methods to lead to a new insight about the problem

An important advantage of the qualitative method is that

correlational

Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a(n) study.

Outliers

It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed

selection bias

Just before the post test, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?

determine whether the non respondents are a different population from the respondents

The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's non respondents is primarily intended to

b and c only b. use follow-up letters or e-mails c. enclose or attach another copy of the survey

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should

for empirical and theoretical conclusions

A major difference in the purpose of a meta-analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature

What behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?

other volunteers from similar populations

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to

Likert-type

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as blank scale items.

narrative vignettes

The descriptive, analytical narratives that are trademark of qualitative research are also called

Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question?

sorting and categorizing

The interpretation of data in qualitative research always involves some form of