Cardiovascular Physiology Exam 1

List the four major components of the conduction system of the heart?

- Sinoatrial node - Atrioventricular node - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

what were some of the remedies used in order to remove a disease form someone

- salves - bloodletting - foods

intrinsic rate of the AV node

40-60 bpm

How many books are attributed to Hippocrates

60 surviving medical texts

Who was the famous philosopher who proposed that arteries also carried nutrients

Cesare Cremonini

Who taught William Harvey

Cesare Cremonini and Girolamo Fabricic

Who was the person who became court physician to several Roman emperors and was inspired by the works of Hippocrates

Claudius Galen

In what city and country was Ibn al-Nafis born?

Damascus, Syria

What does contraction of the heart depend on?

Electrical stimulation of myocardium

Hippocrates and his contemporaries believed what sustained the human bodies?

Food and water, and a combination of the four elements

Hippocrates practiced and taught medicines during what time period

Greece's classical

what did Galen discover about the differences between arteries and veins?

He found that arteries do not contain air and that arteries and veins differed in their composition as arteries are thicker than veins.

In Galen's work, the circulatory system was open. How did al-Nafis' research change the conception of an open circulatory system

He found that blood moves from the right side of the heart to the lungs then the blood moves to the left side of the heart

What two discoveries did Realdo Colombo make about the circulatory system?

He rediscovered the pulmonary system and found that the heart has valves to prevent backflow of blood

Why was Marcello Malpighi able to discover what Harvey could not?

He started using a microscope. There were improvements in the lens placement and production allowed for greater magnification, allow this discovery. Used frog lungs

How did William Harvey carry out his research on the human circulatory system?

He wrote a very basic scientific method follow. And then he would use various probes to trace venules into veins and arterioles and small arteries into arteries.

Who is the ancient Greek physician for whom the Hippocratic Oath is named?

Hippocrates

why did Galen's ideas survive for so long after the fall of the Western roman empire?

His ideas were taken up by the Catholic church and taught during that time

how did the ancient Greeks believe that the humors controlled health and disease?

In a fully healthy person all humors would be in balance. In a sick person one or more than one humor would be out of balance than the rest of the humors

Who discovered capillaries?

Marcello Malpighi

Ibn al-Nafis studied medicine at what hospital

Nuri hospital

Where was Galen born

Pergamum in Asia Minor which is now resent day Bergama, Turkey.

What is the Hippocratic Oath?

Primum non nocere- first, do no harm

What is a specialized property of the AV Node that ensures that overly rapid action potentials from the SA Node are not sent to the ventricles?

The AV node delays sending the next action potential by almost 0.09s

describe the blood flow through the heart beginning at the vena cave and ended at aorta

The blood enters the right atrium via the superior, inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. It then travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then goes through the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. It then travels back to the heart via the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. It travels through the mitral valve into the left ventricle and then it is pushed through the aortic valve and through the aorta.

Why was human dissection performed at the university of Bologna

To teach the works of Galen to medical students not to investigate.

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

True or False. Galen hypothesized that each body part could expel its own waste

True

What is a polymath and why did that concept inform knowledge acquisition during the Renaissance?

a person who seeks knowledge across multiple areas. It informed more investigation into the human body. It was not a new concept but a new focus on an ideal way to pursue knowledge

characteristics of the humor black bile a. melancholy, depression, cancer b. short-tempered or aggressive, decisiveness, and ambition c. extraversion, enthusiasm, and active living d. reserved and introversion

a. melancholy, depression, cancer

intrinsic rate of the SA node

about 100bpm

intrinsic rate of the bundle of His

about 20 bpm

intrinsic rate of the Purkinje fibers

about 20-40 beats per min

intrinsic rate of the right and left bundle branches

about 40-45 bpm

What is the main artery of the body?

aorta

Ibn- al-Nafis taught the physician Ibn-al-Quff who would go on the describe the connection between

arteries and veins

Galen also hypothesized that each part of the body had the ability to

attract, retain, and create or alter its nutritive humors

characteristics of the humor blood a. melancholy, depression, cancer b. extraversion, enthusiasm, and active living c. short-tempered or aggressive, decisiveness, and ambition d. reserved and introversion

b. extraversion, enthusiasm, and active living

Unbalanced humors were said to cause harmful ____ to build up in the body a. Bacteria b. vapors c. chemicals d. spirits

b. vapors

Since cadaver dissection was not practices in classical Greece assumptions on the human body were based on what?

battlefield wounds, accidents and early surgical procedures along with animal dissection

the ancient Greeks and Romans did not at the time have an idea of how pumps worked but they did have an understanding of how _____ worked

bellows

Hippocrates believed what gave energy to the body and was consumed in the process?

blood

Pulmonary system

blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back

What did Harvey conclude about blood flow through the body

blood flow must be circular throughout the body

What are arterioles vital for ?

blood pressure regulation

What did al-Nafis discover about blood delivery directly to the heart?

blood was delivered to the heart via the coronary artery

What are the four humors

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Bundle Branches

branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum

What bundle in the conduction system of the heart ensures that the left atrium contracts at the same time as the right?

bundle of His

Where did Galen think that food was first transmuted to blood in the body

by the liver and carried to the rest of the veins of the body from there

characteristics of the humor phlegm a. extraversion, enthusiasm, and active living b. short-tempered or aggressive, decisiveness, and ambition c. reserved and introversion d. melancholy, depression, cancer

c. reserved and introversion

characteristics of the humor yellow bile a. reserved and introversion b. melancholy, depression, cancer c. short-tempered or aggressive, decisiveness, and ambition d. extraversion, enthusiasm, and active living

c. short-tempered or aggressive, decisiveness, and ambition

where did Galen believe that body heat originated from a. the head b. the liver c. the heart d. the food we ate

c. the heart

What did Harvey hypothesize the existence of, even though he could neither find nor see them

capillaries

Where is the location of gas, nutrient and waste exchange in the circulatory system?

capillary beds

List the three types of capillaries

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

what did the ancient Greeks believed animated the body?

divine animation or spirits

what are the components of tunica intima

endothelium and internal elastic lamina

What makes up the tunica externa

external elastic lamina, and connective tissue

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Galen believed that food was the source of blood and other humors and blood was somehow transmitted to

flesh

what did Hippocrates believe happened to food that people consumed ?

food was absorbed into the intestine where some was converted to blood and some to the other humors

How many chambers does the heart have?

four

What is Vesalius most well known for?

he drew and published what is considered the first modern atlas of anotomy

What was Leonardo da Vinci's contribution to our knowledge of the circulatory system?

he was the first reported to sketch accurate representations of the heart valves

Why was al-Nafis' work slow to reach a European audience?

his works were not translated into Latin and disseminated through Europe until 1542 CE

Leonardo da Vinci was interested in how

human function followed human form

Ibn al-Nafis was credited with the first recorded idea of

metabolism

How do the layers of the vein walls differ from those of arteries

much thinner

Galen hypothesized that the veins carried the nutritive spirits to the

organs and tissues as they needed them

What is the special feature of the cells that make up the conduction system of the heart that sets them apart from all other cells in the body?

pacemaker cells can spontaneously depolarize generating a cardiac action potential

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart, initiates depolarization

atrioventricular (AV) node

passes depolarization to ventricles. There is a brief delay to allow ventricular filling

the idea of humors controlling health and disease was _________

postulated

What is the purpose of the valves inside of veins

prevents backward flow of blood

List the two primary circulatory areas of the body

pulmonary and circulatory

Hippocrates believed that blood passed through what side of the heart to "warm-up"

right side

what are the epithelial cells that line the lumen of the arteries responsive too?

sheer stress

what is the tunica media composed of?

smooth muscle

What type of input causes smooth muscle surrounding arterioles to contract?

sympathetic nervous system via norepinephrine

What did al-Nafis discover about the blood flow through the heart that was in disagreement with Galen's work?

that blood does not move through pores between the right and left side of the heart

What specifically did Harvey calculate to determine that blood likely did not derive from food?

the blood flow through the heart. Stroke volume

Hippocrates believed that air left the lungs to enter the left side of the heart, where it prevented

the heart from overheating and then passed to the arteries

Galen further hypothesized that arteries carried the vital spirits to the flesh and that the heart mediated an exchange betweenq

the nutritive spirits in the veins and vital spirits in the arteries

In the 13th century, human dissection began at

the university of Bologna

What did Andreas Vesalius rediscover about the heart?

there were no pores in the interventricular septum

What did Galen assume about the arteries

they expanded by themselves and drew blood from the liver and heart

What did Harvey's contemporaries believe about the idea of blood that recirculated through the body?

they mocked his position because they thought that blood "recooked in the furnace" of the heart turned to black bile and caused sickness

What did Galen discover about the contents of the arteries

they were full of blood not air

Galen postulated that some blood entered the right ventricle via the right auricle where it was then

thinned and warmed, before entering the lungs as nourishment

How many layers of tissue do the arteries have?

three layers

what did Hippocrates believe the hearts function was

to "warm-up" the blood

what did Hippocrates believe the purpose of arteries was?

to carry air

list the tissue layers of an artery

tunica intima tunica media tunica externa

hat structures prevent retrograde flow of blood through the heart?

valves

What tools did William Harvey use to trace the path of arteries and veins?

various probes

List the qualities that differentiate veins from arteries

veins have valves, arteries are thicker than veins

According to Hippocrates through which vessels was blood carried?

veins, spreading out from the liver

Girolamo Fabrici discovered these structures in veins and hypothesized that they served to slow the flow of blood to the periphery

venous valves

It was believed during Classical Greece that air gave humans and animals their _____ _____

vital force