Cardiovascular unit

What does the term "auscultatory gap" refer to in blood pressure measurement with a sphygmomanometer? A) A temporary disappearance of Korotkoff sounds B) An inaccurate reading due to improper cuff placement C) A discrepancy between systolic and diastolic blood pressure D) A delay in detecting the first Korotkoff soun

A) A temporary disappearance of Korotkoff sounds

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for vasodilation in the parasympathetic nervous system? A) Acetylcholine B) Norepinephrine C) Dopamine D) Serotonin

A) Acetylcholine

How does a decrease in blood volume affect blood pressure? A) Blood pressure decreases B) Blood pressure remains unchanged C) Blood pressure increases D) Blood pressure fluctuates irregularly

A) Blood pressure decreases

Which of the following conditions can cause increased capillary permeability and contribute to the development of edema? A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) B) Hypertension C) Renal failure D) Anemia

A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Which type of capillary is found in the central nervous system (CNS)? A) Continuous capillaries B) Fenestrated capillaries C) Discontinuous capillaries D) Sinusoidal capillaries

A) Continuous capillaries

Which of the following conditions can impair the lymphatic system and contribute to the development of edema? A) Deep vein thrombosis B) Hyperthyroidism C) Allergic reaction D) Hypoalbuminemia

A) Deep vein thrombosis

Which hormone is primarily responsible for vasodilation and increasing blood vessel diameter? A) Epinephrine B) Insulin C) Angiotensin II D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A) Epinephrine

Which force promotes capillary filtration? A) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary B) Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid C) Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary D) Colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

A) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary

Which of the following is a pathological factor that can lead to altered capillary exchange and result in edema? A) Increased blood viscosity B) Decreased interstitial pressure C) Decreased capillary permeability D) Increased lymphatic drainage

A) Increased blood viscosity

Which of the following is a major component of the lymphatic system? A) Lymph nodes B) Red blood cells C) Coronary arteries D) Skeletal muscles

A) Lymph nodes

Which of the following paracrine molecules is primarily responsible for vasodilation in response to decreased oxygen levels? A) Nitric oxide (NO) B) Prostaglandins C) Endothelin-1 D) Angiotensin II

A) Nitric oxide (NO)

How does blood pressure change as blood flows through systemic circulation? A) Blood pressure decreases due to increased blood vessel diameter. B) Blood pressure decreases due to increased peripheral resistance. C) Blood pressure increases due to increased blood vessel diameter. D) Blood pressure increases due to decreased cardiac output.

B) Blood pressure decreases due to increased peripheral resistance.

According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following factors directly influences resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel? A) Blood pressure B) Blood viscosity C) Blood flow velocity D) Blood vessel length

B) Blood viscosity

Which of the following is responsible for creating blood pressure in the systemic circulation? A) Blood viscosity B) Cardiac output C) Peripheral resistance D) Blood volume

B) Cardiac output

What effect does an increase in blood vessel radius have on resistance to blood flow, according to Poiseuille's law? A) Increased resistance B) Decreased resistance C) No effect on resistance D) Uncertain effect on resistance

B) Decreased resistance

Which type of capillary is found in the renal glomerulus? A) Continuous capillaries B) Fenestrated capillaries C) Discontinuous capillaries D) Sinusoidal capillaries

B) Fenestrated capillaries

Which integrating center is responsible for coordinating the response in the baroreceptor reflex? A) Hypothalamus B) Medulla oblongata C) Cerebellum D) Hippocampus

B) Medulla oblongata

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in the sympathetic nervous system? A) Acetylcholine B) Norepinephrine C) Dopamine D) Serotonin

B) Norepinephrine

What is the relationship between the lymphatic system and the immune system? A) The lymphatic system produces white blood cells. B) The lymphatic system transports immune cells and pathogens. C) The lymphatic system regulates blood pressure. D) The lymphatic system secretes hormones involved in immune response.

B) The lymphatic system transports immune cells and pathogens.

What is the purpose of the stethoscope in measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer? A) To measure the strength of the blood pressure waveform B) To detect Korotkoff sounds C) To measure blood pressure directly D) To assess blood flow velocity

B) To detect Korotkoff sounds

How does an increase in blood volume affect blood pressure? A) Blood pressure decreases B) Blood pressure remains unchanged C) Blood pressure increases D) Blood pressure fluctuates irregularly

C) Blood pressure increases

Which of the following factors directly contributes to blood pressure regulation by affecting peripheral resistance? A) Heart rate B) Stroke volume C) Blood vessel diameter D) Blood viscosity

C) Blood vessel diameter

Why is the velocity of blood flow lowest in the capillaries? A) Capillaries have the largest diameter among blood vessels. B) Capillaries have the highest resistance to blood flow. C) Capillaries have the largest total cross-sectional area. D) Capillaries have the highest blood pressure.

C) Capillaries have the largest total cross-sectional area.

Which force is primarily responsible for maintaining the balance between capillary filtration and absorption? A) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary B) Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid C) Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary D) Colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

C) Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary

Which of the following paracrine molecules is responsible for vasoconstriction and promoting platelet aggregation? A) Nitric oxide (NO) B) Prostaglandins C) Endothelin-1 D) Angiotensin II

C) Endothelin-1

What is the stimulus for the baroreceptor reflex? A) Low blood sugar levels B) Decreased oxygen levels C) High blood pressure D) Elevated body temperature

C) High blood pressure

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increase in blood pressure due to an increase in blood volume? A) Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) B) Dehydration C) Hypervolemia (excess fluid retention) D) Hypovolemia (low blood volume)

C) Hypervolemia (excess fluid retention)

Which of the following conditions can disrupt the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures and contribute to the development of edema? A) Hypertension B) Hypothyroidism C) Liver cirrhosis D) Diabetes mellitus

C) Liver cirrhosis

Which characteristic of capillaries contributes to the low velocity of blood flow? A) Elasticity of capillary walls B) Contraction of smooth muscle in capillary walls C) Narrow diameter of capillaries D) Valves present in capillary lumen

C) Narrow diameter of capillaries

Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system? A) Production of red blood cells B) Transport of oxygenated blood C) Removal of waste products from tissues D) Regulation of body temperature

C) Removal of waste products from tissues

Which of the following factors primarily determines cardiac output? A) Blood vessel diameter B) Blood viscosity C) Stroke volume D) Heart rate

C) Stroke volume

What is the primary function of capillaries that contributes to the low velocity of blood flow? A) Transporting oxygen to tissues B) Carrying nutrients to cells C) Facilitating gas exchange D) Allowing for exchange of substances with tissues

D) Allowing for exchange of substances with tissues

How does blood pressure change as blood flows through systemic circulation? A) Blood pressure increases due to decreased blood viscosity. B) Blood pressure decreases due to increased cardiac output. C) Blood pressure increases due to increased blood volume. D) Blood pressure

D) Blood pressure

Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on resistance to blood flow, according to Poiseuille's law? A) Blood viscosity B) Blood flow velocity C) Blood vessel length D) Blood vessel radius

D) Blood vessel radius

Which force promotes capillary absorption? A) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary B) Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid C) Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary D) Colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

D) Colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

Which type of capillary is found in the liver? A) Continuous capillaries B) Fenestrated capillaries C) Discontinuous capillaries D) Sinusoidal capillaries

D) Sinusoidal capillaries

Which receptor type is responsible for sensing changes in blood pressure in the baroreceptor reflex? A) Cholinergic receptors B) Alpha-adrenergic receptors C) Beta-adrenergic receptors D) Stretch receptors

D) Stretch receptors

What is the purpose of inflating the cuff above the expected systolic blood pressure during blood pressure measurement using a sphygmomanometer? A) To occlude the artery completely B) To allow for the detection of Korotkoff sounds C) To estimate the diastolic blood pressure D) To prevent the blood flow through the artery

D) To prevent the blood flow through the artery

Which type of myocardial cells are responsible for initiating and conducting electrical impulses in the heart? a) Autorhythmic cells b) Contractile cells c) Pacemaker cells d) Fibroblasts

a) Autorhythmic cells

After the electrical signals pass through the AV node, where do they travel next in the conduction system of the heart? a) Bundle of His b) Purkinje fibers c) Atria d) Ventricles

a) Bundle of His

How does a decrease in arterial resistance affect ventricular pressure and blood flow? a) Decreased arterial resistance increases ventricular pressure and blood flow. b) Decreased arterial resistance decreases ventricular pressure and blood flow. c) Decreased arterial resistance has no effect on ventricular pressure and blood flow. d) The effect of decreased arterial resistance on ventricular pressure and blood flow depends on other factors.

a) Decreased arterial resistance increases ventricular pressure and blood flow.

Which of the following structures separates the ventricles of the heart? a) Interventricular septum b) Atrioventricular septum c) Interatrial septum d) Aortic septum

a) Interventricular septum

Which of the following chambers of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins? a) Left atrium b) Right atrium c) Left ventricle d) Right ventricle

a) Left atrium

Which of the following structures is responsible for initiating electrical signals in the heart? a) Sinoatrial (SA) node b) Atrioventricular (AV) node c) Bundle of His d) Purkinje fibers

a) Sinoatrial (SA) node

Which of the following factors assists in increasing venous return and subsequently influences stroke volume? a) Skeletal muscle pump b) Respiratory pump c) Inotropic agents d) Length-tension relationships

a) Skeletal muscle pump

Which factor primarily affects the preload and influences stroke volume? a) Venous return b) Afterload c) Contractility d) Respiratory pump

a) Venous return

Which of the following is the mechanical event in the cardiac cycle that corresponds to the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram? a) Ventricular systole b) Ventricular diastole c) Atrial systole d) Atrial diastole

a) Ventricular systole

Which of the following factors represents the resistance against which the heart must work to eject blood? a) Venous return b) Afterload c) Contractility d) Inotropic agents

b) Afterload

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions in the action potential of myocardial contractile cells? a) Calcium influx triggers the rapid depolarization phase. b) Calcium influx sustains the plateau phase. c) Calcium efflux promotes rapid repolarization. d) Calcium inhibits the generation of action potentials.

b) Calcium influx sustains the plateau phase.

During relaxation of myocardial cells, which ion is primarily pumped out of the cell to decrease intracellular calcium concentration? a) Sodium ions b) Calcium ions c) Potassium ions d) Chloride ions

b) Calcium ions

Which of the following is responsible for the opening and closing of the heart valves? a) Papillary muscles b) Chordae tendineae c) Atrioventricular node d) Purkinje fibers

b) Chordae tendineae

Which of the following best describes the action potential of myocardial contractile cells? a) Fast and transient depolarization b) Continuous and sustained depolarization c) Rapid repolarization phase d) Spontaneous generation of action potentials

b) Continuous and sustained depolarization

Which type of myocardial cells are responsible for the forceful contraction of the heart? a) Autorhythmic cells b) Contractile cells c) Pacemaker cells d) Fibroblasts

b) Contractile cells

How does a decrease in vessel radius affect flow velocity in the cardiovascular system? a) Increases flow velocity b) Decreases flow velocity c) No effect on flow velocity d) Causes turbulent flow

b) Decreases flow velocity

What is the relationship between pressure and flow in the cardiovascular system? a) Inverse relationship b) Direct relationship c) No relationship d) Random relationship

b) Direct relationship

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume? a) Heart rate and stroke volume are inversely related, while cardiac output remains constant. b) Heart rate and cardiac output are directly related, while stroke volume remains constant. c) Stroke volume and cardiac output are inversely related, while heart rate remains constant. d) Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output are all independent of each other.

b) Heart rate and cardiac output are directly related, while stroke volume remains constant.

Which membrane protein plays a key role in the entry of calcium ions into myocardial cells during excitation-contraction coupling? a) Sodium-potassium pump b) L-type calcium channels c) Potassium channels d) Sodium channels

b) L-type calcium channels

Which division of the autonomic nervous system primarily decreases heart rate? a) Sympathetic division b) Parasympathetic division c) Both divisions have equal influence on heart rate d) Neither division influences heart rate

b) Parasympathetic division

Which of the following factors directly affects stroke volume by altering the degree of stretch in the ventricular myocardium before contraction? a) Venous return b) Preload c) Afterload d) Contractility

b) Preload

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of myocardial autorhythmic cells? a) Rapid depolarization phase b) Prolonged plateau phase c) Short refractory period d) High resting membrane potential

b) Prolonged plateau phase

How are autorhythmic cells arranged in the heart to ensure coordinated electrical conduction? a) Bundles of His b) Purkinje fibers c) Atrioventricular (AV) node d) Sinoatrial (SA) node

b) Purkinje fibers

Which component of an electrocardiogram represents ventricular depolarization? a) P wave b) QRS complex c) T wave d) PR interval

b) QRS complex

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart rate? a) Sympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate. b) Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate. c) Sympathetic stimulation has no effect on heart rate. d) The effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate depends on the individual's physiological state.

b) Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate.

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular pressure decrease, leading to blood flow from the ventricles to the atria? a) Ventricular systole b) Ventricular diastole c) Atrial systole d) Atrial diastole

b) Ventricular diastole

Which of the following molecular mechanisms is responsible for the parasympathetic control of heart rate? a) Activation of beta-adrenergic receptors b) Activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors c) Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors d) Activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors

c) Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Which of the following is responsible for delaying the electrical signals at the AV node? a) Increased sodium influx b) Decreased potassium efflux c) Slow conduction velocity d) Decreased calcium release

c) Slow conduction velocity

Which part of the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization? a) P wave b) QRS complex c) T wave d) ST segment

c) T wave

Which of the following best describes the process of myocardial excitation-contraction coupling? a) The release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggers the binding of myosin and actin filaments. b) Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that allows the myosin heads to bind to actin filaments. c) The depolarization of the cell membrane opens L-type calcium channels, leading to an influx of calcium ions into the cytosol. d) The repolarization of the cell membrane triggers the reuptake of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

c) The depolarization of the cell membrane opens L-type calcium channels, leading to an influx of calcium ions into the cytosol.

What is the relationship between ventricular pressure and atrial pressure during the cardiac cycle? a) Ventricular pressure is always higher than atrial pressure. b) Atrial pressure is always higher than ventricular pressure. c) Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure during ventricular systole, but lower during ventricular diastole. d) Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure during ventricular systole, but lower during ventricular diastole.

c) Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure during ventricular systole, but lower during ventricular diastole.

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for the parasympathetic control of heart rate? a) Norepinephrine b) Dopamine c) Epinephrine d) Acetylcholine

d) Acetylcholine

Which of the following factors affects resistance in the cardiovascular system? a) Blood volume b) Vessel length c) Blood viscosity d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following factors increases stroke volume by increasing the force of ventricular contraction? a) Venous return b) Preload c) Afterload d) Contractility

d) Contractility

Which of the following factors can increase stroke volume? a) Decreased preload b) Increased afterload c) Decreased contractility d) Increased venous return

d) Increased venous return

Which factor directly affects the force of cardiac muscle contraction and influences stroke volume? a) Length-tension relationships b) Preload c) Skeletal muscle pump d) Inotropic agents

d) Inotropic agents