Cartilage and Bone

Which characteristic is a similarity among all types of cartilage? All types of cartilages consist of 60-80% water. Cartilages consist of primarily inorganic phosphates and calcium. All types of cartilage are replaced by bone tissue. All types of cartilage lack fibers.

All types of cartilages consist of 60-80% water.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage in external ear

Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilages in nose Costal cartilage Articular cartilage of a joint

The perichondrium is a structure that surrounds cartilage and contains the

Chondroblasts

The extracellular matrix of cartilage contains only one type of cell, which are the

Chondrocytes.

Microscopic structure of a compact bone

Compact bone Spongy bone Central canal Osteon Endosteum Circumferential lamellae Periosteum Lamellae

During endochondral ossification, which of the listed types of tissue is replaced by bone?

Hyaline cartilage *It is the model for endochondral bones.

The emergency room doctor expressed some concern that there might be both cartilage and bony damage to the elbow. She sent Daniel off for an X-ray. What types of cartilage might you find near the elbow? Hyaline and elastic Hyaline and fibrocartilage Elastic only Hyaline only Fibrocartilage only

Hyaline only *The vast majority of cartilage in the body is hyaline cartilage. It lines the epiphysis of the long bones, and forms the growth plates as well.

What is the importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage? It helps to keep the cartilage avascular. It forms the lacunae that surround chondrocytes. It forms articular discs in the knee and jaw. Cells in the perichondrium break down dead and dying cartilage cells and function in removing dead cartilage cells through the lymphatic system. It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage.

It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage.

Daniel landed with his right arm outstretched. He heard a popping sound, and a sharp pain shot through the area just above his elbow. His brothers knew immediately that he had broken his arm. What type(s) of bone(s) could he have damaged? Short bone Flat bone Long bone Irregular bone Sesamoid bone

Long bone *The bones that make up the upper and lower limbs are primarily long bones, with the exceptions being the short bones found in the wrists and ankles.

Classification of bones

Long bone Flat bone Sesamoid (short) bone Irregular bone Short bone

________ are cells that are involved in creating new extracellular matrix in bone

Osteoblasts

Bones are continually remodeled, a process that requires that old bone matrix be broken down by

Osteoclasts

Lacunae of compact bone are occupied by mature

Osteocytes

Fibrocartilage

Pubic symphysis Cartilage in intervertebral disc Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)

Which statement about growth of long bones is false? The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens. The bone cannot grow longer once the epiphyseal plates are ossified. The epiphyses are pushed further from the center of the diaphysis. The epiphyseal plates remain a constant thickness during growth.

The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens.

To immobilize the broken bone, Daniel's arm (including his elbow) was put in a cast. The doctor's prognosis is for a full recovery, but there is a chance that bone growth could be affected. If there is permanent damage to the growth plate, what would be the most likely outcome? The proximal end of the right humerus would need to compensate for the damaged growth plate, and the right shoulder would be larger as a result. The shaft of the right humerus would be thinner than that of the left humerus, resulting in a weaker right arm. The distal end of the humerus would not grow as long as that of the undamaged left humerus. As a result, his right arm would be slightly shorter. The distal end of the right humerus would not fully develop, so the right elbow would be weaker than the left.

The distal end of the humerus would not grow as long as that of the undamaged left humerus. As a result, his right arm would be slightly shorter. *Unless the growth plate of the humerus is severely damaged, immobilizing the arm to allow proper healing typically results in little to no long-term damage to bone growth.

In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for calcification. interstitial growth. endochondral growth. appositional growth.

appositional growth.

Perforating canals within compact bone __________. are a consequence of aging and osteoporosis cause the central canals to decrease in diameter lie at right angles to canaliculi connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals

connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals

Primary ossification centers occur in the __________ of long bones.

diaphysis

An osteon is composed of cartilage. layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal. a cell body and a long, threadlike extension. interstitial lamellae.

layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Which of the following is not present in the central canals of osteons? blood vessels osteocytes endosteum nerves

osteocytes

In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become chondrocytes. osteoclasts. osteocytes. mesenchyme cells.

osteocytes.

Osteoblasts secrete the organic part of the bone matrix, which is called __________ . osteoid

osteoid