Catholicism in the U.S. Midterm

Second Vatican Council

(1962-1965) major gathering of all bishops. They discussed the modernization of the church. Developed changes such as interfaith relations, and changes to liturgy. The liturgy change was having priests now face the community while blessing the bread and wine instead of the priest having his back to the audience of the church.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

(also known as Popé's Rebellion) the uprising of most indigneous Pueblo people in a carefully organized revolt against the Spanish colonizers in Santa Fe of New Mexico (much larger than present day NM) who succeeded in overthrowing Spanish rule for 12 years. They remained free until 1692, when New Mexico was reconquered by Gov. Pedro de Vargas.

Describe the current demographics of the Catholic Church. How many Catholics are in the world (number and percentage of total population)? How are Catholics distributed? How many Catholics are there in the U.S.? How is the U.S. Catholic population changing demographically?

-1.2 billion people who identify as Catholic in the world -17% of the world's population (Brazil has the most Catholics) -67 million Catholics in the US (6% of Global Catholicism) -Percentage of white catholics seem to be shrinking relative to the whole population size from 2007 (65%) to 2014 (59%) -Church is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse (browning of the church) -Increasing number of Catholics identifying in the older age brackets -Greying of the church, the elderly are the fastest growing demographic in the Catholic Church but not many identify in the younger age brackets -Catholic Church is becoming more working class, seeing lower levels of income as a trend in the church, seeing lower levels of education and pay and more people are uninsured

Explain who Alanna Airitam is. What do her life and experiences teach us about issues of representation within the Catholic Church today?

-Alanna Airitam is an artist and photographer. She created the Golden Age exhibit at the San Diego Art Institute. Her work was primarily based on the black experience as well as the representation of people of color in art spaces. Airitam wanted to reclaim spaces where black people were not represented (catholic churches) and she did this by naming her subjects "Saint Lenox" or "Saint Minton". These names were chosen from landmarks or streets in Harlem, NY. Her portrait "Saint Abyssinian" had a religious tone that Airitam kept trying to pull away from but in the end it stuck. Growing up in a Catholic household, Alanna felt that no one in the Catholic space represented anyone that looked at her (African American) and she couldn't identify with the saints or angels to make her feel like she belonged. She felt alienated. Her takeaway was to always remain open and be aware of how you are perceived, with whatever skin tone you have, in your space but also be aware of the people that do not look like you and put yourself in their shoes and see how they may be perceived in a certain space.

Describe the content of Bishop Braxton's "The Racial Divide in the United States. "What are Braxton's concerns? What does he exhort Catholics to do?

-At the end, Braxton was asking the church to continue the conversation about racial injustice. -He provided examples on how they could do it, such as watching movies, speaking to others in the community, getting to know one another as well as getting to know police officers, etc. -"The Racial Divide in the United States" explains how systematic racism and discrimination are so heavily present in the United States and that there is no question that we are racially divided. -This racial divide influences many people in the church, many people of color do not feel welcomed because all of the figures and the community are all non people of color. -Braxton does a role reversal in the beginning of the pastoral letter about people of color's daily experience in the Catholic church and what it would be like if it were reversed . -He really makes it a point in the letter to acknowledge that the use of the term "minority" and "minority groups" are used selectively and they are not applied consistently when referring to all groups of Americans that have a statistically small percentage of the population. The terms are used as a negative connotation and perpetuates negative stereotypes about certain groups. The terms only further racially divide us. -One group of Americans is not more "American" than another group of Americans -- if you are an American citizen, you are American

Explain the events of the "Great Arizona Orphan Abduction." Describe what happened, analyzing how race, ethnicity, religion, and nationality combined to shape the arguments of people on different sides.

-Beginning in 1864 to 1904, an orphanage was founded in New York City that is known as the Foundling. During this time, there's a huge Irish Catholic community in New York where people were not very well equipped in terms of wealth or other kinds of material things. -The Foundling was a Catholic orphanage that was set up to protect Catholic children who had families that were not able to support them. The Foundling was first established in the 1860s and it was mainly established as a Catholic orphanage, part of the reason why the Foundling was established was because of some of the things that were happening in New York during the 1860s and catholic nuns and others in the community were very worried. -Protestant orphanages were much more popular in New York City and Protestants didn't appreciate Catholics' presence in the city or in the country. They were worried that Catholic children might go on to take over the US which was a big concern so some of the Protestant orphanages would go out during the day and look for stray Catholic children that were just out on the streets, most commonly Irish Catholic children, that you could easily recognize by their accents and style of dress with no parents or figures around and they would round them up and bring them back to the protestant orphanages where it was nearly impossible for family who didn't know what happened to their child to be able to trace down a missing child during this time. Many Irish Catholic kids were being abducted and taken away because their parents who were working or trying to make ends meet during the day were not able to look out for them. -The Foundling was established by Catholic nuns who decided that they needed a safer and stronger option for Catholic families and they operated under a system where any family that had children that they weren't able to supervise or who weren't able to support will be able to go and drop their kids off for as long as they needed to, they could leave their kids there for months or even years until it was decided that they were never going to come back for their kid and wanted to permanently give them up for adoption. The Foundling did their best to take care of as many children as they could until some parents were able to reclaim them. -The nuns started working with other Catholic communities across the country and asking if they were willing to adopt any of the Irish Catholic orphans from New York and if so they would bring the children to them after they knew of responsible adoptive parents in the community. -There were 40 orphans that were taken to Arizona by train and placed in Mexican Catholic homes in two towns that were called Clifton and Morenci. The reason that such a big group of children were brought to these towns in Arizona was because there were large populations of families in these two towns that were looking to adopt but had really high infertility rates due to mining or some of the other industries in the area that affected the communities bodies. -There weren't enough orphans to go around and the kids were already pre-assigned to different families who had been vetted by the local church in Arizona. When they got to Arizona, things escalated because the local Protestant community saw all of the beautiful young children arriving at the train station and saw them being placed with Mexican Catholic families. -The Foundling wanted the kids to be adopted by not just any member of Christianity but by Catholics. The community did not take this very well and within 24 hours the Anglo Protestant community stormed both of the towns to round up all of the children that were placed in their new families and they re-distributed them to Protestants.

At the time of the nation's founding, what role did Catholics play in society? What was at stake for them in the creation of the new nation?

-Catholics wanted a break from England control. -It is important to remember that Catholics were only 1% of the nation's population at the time. -Through Charles Carol's work of breaking through Catholics being barred from any political role, by advocating through pamphlets and burning the Peggy Stewart ship, he was able to break that bar and become a political leader. He traveled with Ben Frank in order to recruit Canadians to help with the revolt. -Charles was one of the signers on the declaration of independence, and he was the only Catholic signer. -Pierre Gibault was typically known as the Patriot Priest because he would often carry two guns and a pistol. He was born to the family of French missionaries in Quebec but later came under British control in his life. He is a big supporter of the American cause and he encourages people living in Northeast to accept American currency both during and after the war. He was not always popular among the people and would sometimes be attacked when traveling from place to place -Through Hughes' work with the public debate, he demanded religious liberty for Catholic immigrants. This expanded the idea of what it meant to be an American. Through this idea of religious liberty, America adopted it and now it is one of the founding principles.

Describe the two big divisions that happened between Catholics and other branches of Christianity. When did these divisions occur? Why did they happen?

-East- West Schism of 1054 also known as the Great Schism. The schism split the main factors of Christianity into the Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. -The Protestant Reformation happened in 1517 and it was when Protestants split from the Orthodox and the Roman Catholics. It happened when Martin Luther protested against the Catholic Church. He had a document that identified forms of corruption in the Catholic Church. The document, 95 thesis, is an argument for how to return the church back to its roots on what it means to be Catholic. The Protestants have several denominations.

Explain who Kateri Tekakwitha was and what her contemporary significance is for Catholics. What are some of the different ways in which she is depicted today and why? How do different groups' social locations affect their imaginings of her?

-In 1656 Kateri Tekakkwitha was born in present day upstate NY. Her mother, father, and brother all died when smallpox came to her village. Although she suffered from the disease and was left with scarring, she survived. -She was adopted by her aunt and uncle in her tribe. She was very resistant and refused to marry which brought her closer to her catholic faith. She refused to work on Sunday (the Sabbath) and that caused a lot of tension between her family and the community. -Her life in the village was threatened and it was preferred for her to leave the village and go towards the other catholics in canada to be free to pursue her religion -In 2006, Jake Finkbonner was diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease), throughout North America an extensive network of Kateri circle began praying for Jake -Sister Kateri brought with her a first class relic (small piece of blessed kateris wristbrone) and prayed over Jake which stopped the spread of his disease -The church declared Jake's healing a miracle a Kateri would become a Saint -Kateri Tekakwitha represents a strong Indigenous woman figure that inspires diverse people to strengthen their spiritual commitments -"Kateri Tekakwitha represents a powerful figure who, in many indigenous peoples' perspectives, transforms Catholicism and provides Indigenous people and their allies with meaningful ways to center indigenous culture with their spiritual practices" from Indian Pilgrims by Michelle Jacob -Catholics see Kateri as a strong Saint but her representation is more in tune with the Catholic faith rather than of her indigineous culture

1680

-In April of _____, Kateri Tekakwitha died a holy death -First Pueblo Revolt

Explain the various reasons why Irish Catholics immigrated to the U.S. in the 1800s. What conditions did they encounter in America? How were their experiences distinct from those of other groups (such as the German Catholics)?

-Irish Catholics immigrated to the US due to the Potato Famine which was leaving the whole country malnourished and dying off. There was a need to leave Ireland in order to feed your family and to make a new life. The mass movement of Irish immigrants causes a lot of hostility from non- Catholics, including the nativists community. The journey of coming across the Atlantic was very dangerous and hard for many Irish to survive. Their ships were overcrowded and disease ridden and people were starving and dying on the ship. Upon arrival in the US, Irish Catholics were viewed as lazy, immoral, and a dangerous foreign threat. Hardwork and commitment to other people was not associated with the Irish immigrants which then led to depression and alcoholism. The one source of support that the Irish had was the Catholic Church. The church provided physical (food and shelter) and spiritual and emotional support to help navigate the conditions that they were facing. -German Catholic Immigration experience was much different than the Irish. German Catholics were coming from more prosperous backgrounds in Europe, they brought immense wealth and materials/supplies when they arrived in the US. they were seen as admirable and useful by other citizens because of their wealth. As a community, Germans were more successful at building harmonious relationships with Protestants because Catholics in Germany had more exposure to Protestants and knew how to navigate and establish more successful relationships. Germans were more skilled (bakers, brewers, tailors) and seen as more valuable than the Irish. They went westward and settled in places like Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and St. Louis that weren't as tension ridden as the cities that the Irish communities were living in.

Describe the Public School Debate in which Bishop Hughes was embroiled in the mid-1800s. What challenges did his Catholic community face during this period? Why were other groups (like the Protestant majority) hostile toward or skeptical about Catholics during this time?

-The protestants in power had made the Protestant Bible required in all public schools. The Catholics did not appreciate this because of the differences in religion and negative press about Catholicism being taught. Because of this, the Catholics took their children out of school. Bishop John Hughes fought for the religious freedom of the Catholics within the education system. This resulted in the parochial education system within the U.S. today. -The protestant majority believed the Catholic faith was a threat to the american political system, due to their belief in the Pope's higher power. The protestants feared popery. Popery was the concern that the Catholics would view the pope as a greater source of authority than the president or any other political leader in the US. -The Catholics faced discrimination from the protestants, because the protestants were threatened by them. The protestants thought the catholics were going to try and take over the US and wanted to get rid of them. -As the number of Catholics grew (irish Catholics doubled within 30 years in Philadelphia, Boston catholics tripled in just 10 years), protestants became more hostile. They started riots in Philadelphia at St. Mary's Church. In 1835, several thousand protestants rampaged the catholic five point areas in NY. In Boston, factory workers surrounded the city's Ursuline convent before burning it down. -The Catholic's pulled their children out of school, because the schools were teaching Protestant ways. They provided a protestant bible and they bashed on the catholic tradition. -Hughes agreed with the Catholic parents that it was not fair to teach only protestant teachings, so he decided to help with the fight. Hughes demanded that since the protestants have schools where they can teach about their religions then the catholics deserve their own schools to teach about their religion. He demanded that the catholics get money in order to do so. Hughes argued that no religion could be favored over another in America. The debate lasted two days and Hughes lost the vote 15-1. -After the loss, the Protestants thought this was all over and that they won. Hughes fought more and got involved with politics where he presented a list of candidates to a Catholic rally in 1841, the election year, and told everyone to vote for these individuals. All but three of the candidates won, so his work paid off. The state, in 1842, passed the Maclay Bill which ended the religious instruction at public schools.

Social Location (all levels)

1. Identity 2. Micro-level 3. Meso-level 4. Macro/Global level

Catholic Hierarchy

1. Pope 2. Cardinals 3. Archbishop 4. Bishops 5. Priests 6. Deacons 7. The Laity

Convents

A community under monastic vows, especially one of nun.

Act of Religious Toleration

A document created by the leaders of the colony in Maryland in 1649. It was ordered and enacted by the "right honourable Cecilius Lord Baron of Baltimore". The Act of Religious Toleration says that you cannot blaspheme (speak negatively about God) the teachings of Christianity if you want to live in the colony. You must respect core teachings about Jesus and the idea of the holy trinity (father, son, holy spirit) making up a divine triad that is present within Christianity. If you were to blaspheme any of those ideas or speak against them, you could be punished with death or have land taken away from you. The _________________ also says that if you are disrespecting someone within the province who is professing to believe in Jesus Christ, the idea is that there is the free exercise of Christianity within the province so you might have to pay damages if you are harassing someone about what they believe. The document isn't just protecting Catholics but anyone that shares core beliefs about Jesus and the holy trinity but not for belief systems outside of Christianity (indigenous people). To live in Maryland, you can be any form of Christian that you want and you will be protected.

Maria Monk

A fictional character in anti-Catholic propaganda . Wrote a book about how protestants perceive the nuns who live in convents.

Ecumenism

A movement that started in the early 1900s that aims to reunite all of the branches of Christianity (promote unity within all Christian denominations)

National Parish

A type of Catholic ________ distinguished by liturgical rights or the nationality of a congregation. Established to serve the faithful of a certain ethnic group or national origin.

Irish Orphan Abduction

After the large inflow of Irish Immigrants since the Great Famine, the Foundling institution by Sister Mary Irene (opened 1870) took in some 35,000 babies, primarily offspring of the impoverished Irish and gave the mothers three years to reclaim them. In 1904, The Foundling took some children ranging 2-6 years old to Arizona where they would be met with their new mothers that would continue with their ancient faith. However, white women began to see that Mexican women (their social inferiors) walking out with white babies and being given none. A posse of two white deputy sheriffs and a superintendent at the smelter, described as the "benign committee," came armed with rifles with an agreed plan: All Mexicans were bad, and all children were to be seized. Mexican women were defined as dirty, ill-educated, degenerate and unfit to take on the care of white children.

Great Schism

Also known as the East- West ________ of 1054. The _______ split the main factors of Christianity into the Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Arrived in the new world in 1502 and witnessed a lot of the european brutality towards indigenous tribes and groups. He was appalled by the massacre of indigenous peoples by Spanish and although he was a Catholic affiliated priest he began writing letters to the church in Spain about the treatment of indigenous tribes and how they need to be treated better.

Tribalism

Attend neighborhood churches but don't feel a broader sense of catholic connection or identity to people across town or in different parts of the world.

Public School Debate

Before the Europeans Catholics immigrated to the US, it was mainly just Protestants who lived in the US at that time. Catholics were a minority. In schools, they only provided a protestant bible and were doing any teaching from that. As the Bibles are different and the Protestants taught the children that Catholicism was evil, so the Catholics disliked that their children were being taught protestant ways. Eventually, as more children were not going to school, John Hughes took matters into his own hands and demanded a meeting with the public school committee due to the obstruction of the constitution and the threat of religious freedoms. Hughes' support rendered the U.S. parochial school system.

Hernán Cortés

Between 1512-1520 ________ and the Spanish occupied Aztect's land in Tenochtitlan. _________ sends back reports of the gold they find and the markets they encounter. They get the sense of possibility for tremendous wealth and gain for Spain that come from his writings.

Saint Junípero Serra

Complicated figure. ________________________ was canonized (the process by which a person becomes a formal saint in the Catholic church) because he was seen as a role model and he performed miraculous activities.

1502

De las casas, who was initially a secular priest that entered the dominican order which is a religious order in 1522 after he arrived in the "new world". De las casas witnesses a lot of the european brutality towards indigenous tribes and groups. Not only was it a time of religious competition but of national competition. Spain starts to become widely critiqued by other nations in Europe that are also sending explorers over.

Devotionalism

Emerges in the late 1800s that is a wide range of different spiritual practices that take place outside of the church (praying the rosary, praying to the virgin mary, practice of wearing the scapular)

Narvaez & Cabeza de Vaca

Explorers who arrive in Florida. Also around the time that the reformation is taking place in Europe

Popery

Fear of the power of the Pope. The concern that Catholic churches, specifically the Pope, might be a greater source of authority than the President or other political leaders to Catholics living in the US. The Pope was seen as a dangerous leader who threatened the establishment of the US.

John Hughes

First Roman Catholic archbishop in New York from Ireland. His state support for state parochial schools led to the creation of the U.S. parochial school system. He publicly defended Catholicism against the anti-Cathlic know-nothing movement and fought the radical Irish press established in New York by political exiles. During the Civil War, he helped end draft riots in the city.

1608

French settlement in Quebec is founded. French Catholics came down from northeastern corners of present day United States.

Calvert Family

George and Cecilius Calvert known as the Lords Baltimore who petitioned to establish Maryland

Protestants & Puritans

In 1517, Martin Luther wrote the 495 theses that started the reformation. He disliked things such as the practice of selling indulgences in pay exchange for forgiveness. This started the split of the church where Luther's followers became protestant.

Eastern Catholic Church

In the beginning of the split of the churches, the easterns stayed strictly christian, but later decided that they wanted to be Catholic and adapt those values. They were allowed to be a part of the Catholic community under certain conditions. They have to accept the authority of the Pope and develop a parallel hierarchy system. A difference between eastern catholics and the rest of catholics is that eastern priests are allowed to be married. There is a small presence in the US.

1769-1784

Junipero Serra established mission systems that went all the way up the coast of California. Serra has an incredible legacy as someone who spreads the mission up and down the coast, in many ways he is problematic, given some of the encounters that took place with indigenous people.

1656

Kateri Tekakwitha is born in present day upstate New York along the Mohawk River.

Encomienda System

Labor systems that were instituted by the Spanish in the American colonies. Native Americans had to pay tributes to the Spanish leaders by working in the fields in exchange for his protection. The goal of the encomienda system was to enslave Native Americans and use them as labor sources. The Native Americams knew the lands and could escape easily, so in a sense the systems failed. They were not immune to the diseases, people starved, violence broke out, and there was a drought where many died.

1528

Narvaez and Cabeza de Vaca (explorers) arrive in Florida. Also around the time that the reformation is taking place in Europe

Maclay Bill

Passed in 1842 to end religion instruction in New York's public schools.

Nativists

Protestant community members who saw themselves as the defenders of what they believe was America's Protestant heritage and identity. They sometimes resorted to violence in order to encourage or force Catholics out of certain regions where they didn't want them to live (torch churches, burn down other establishments associated with Catholics)

Missions

Saint Junipero Serra helped establish Mission San Diego de Alcala as well as many others. Each mission is built one day of travel by horse away from each other

Archbishops

Serve over several dioceses (ordained)

Jesuits

Society of Jesus founded in 1540. They became missionaries to spread the faith. They fled from France from religious oppression to Quebec (present day Canada). They were involved in evangelical work in education and creating parishes, schools, and post-secondary institutions throughout Canada. Today, they are the largest men's religious order in the Roman Catholic Church.

1518

Spanish have outposts on most larger Caribbean islands.

1492

Spanish regain Granada that they battled other religious communities for in Europe. During this time of the crusades is also setting the stage for some of the dynamics playing out on US soil. Extreme competition for land; Columbus sails west and lands in the Bahamas

Reformation

Split between Protestant community and the Catholic Church

1702

The Church of England was officially recognized as the state Church of Maryland and all taxpayers were obliged to support it financially. The next year, Catholics were denied the right to worship publicly.

1634

The English Jesuits establish the mission of Maryland. Eight of Fourteen Jesuits died on the passage from England. The first Mass was held on the land on the Feast of the Annunciation.

1632

The Lords Baltimore got permission to establish Maryland. The Ark and the Dove were the two ships that Cecilius Calvert arranged to be sailing to the new world to establish a haven for Catholics in Maryland. The ships leave from Kent in England with 128 english settlers going to establish the Catholic colony.

Maryland

The Lords Baltimore went to the government in England in 1632 to get permission to establish a new colony named "____________" as a British colony. The small community of Eurpeans faced many challenges when they arrived in Maryland.

Papal Infallibility

The Pope under certain conditions is believed that he cannot be wrong because he is fully guided by the Holy Spirit -- can not be wrong with things thawing to do with church teachings-- also has to have some agreeance with cardinals-- cannot contradict with what previous Popes have stated.

1514

The Spanish monarchy publishes a document called The Requerimiento that basically says what they believe in and that the indigenous groups have a chance to convert to Catholicism to avoid armed conflicts. It was not very effective but points to growing awareness within Spain that there are ethical dilemmas of moving to conquer new territories.

Crusades

The ___________ took place between 1095 and 1270. The original idea was to recapture the holy land that was taken over by muslims and other communities but turns into a bloody rampage across Europe.

Inquisition

The _____________ was centered around the criminalization of non-catholic believers. Thousands of non- catholics were killed if they didn't convert to the catholic faith or they were forced to relocate

Requerimiento

The _______________ is a document that was created in 1514 by the Spanish Monarchy with the intention of having it read to the indigenous groups upon first contact with those coming over from Spain saying what they believe in and that the indigenous groups have a chance to convert to catholicism before engaging in any violent contact.

According to Allen, how is Catholicism in the U.S. distinct from global Catholicism? And, what four major challenges does the Catholic church face in the U.S. today?

The challenges inherent in the US -separation of church and state -- not state sponsored. -the creation of Catholic institutions such as hospitals, schools, orphanages, etc., -The need for events and programs to attract church members in a competitive "religious market." -- entrepreneurial spirit

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha

The first Native American Saint. She is the patron saint of the environment and ecology, people in exile, and Native Americans. Born into the Mohawk Village of Ossernenon, she contracted smallpox at four years old resulting in the scarring of her skin while losing her parents to the outbreak. Raised by her uncle, Kateri was a skilled worker, diligent, and patient. She refused to marry and at 19 converted to Catholicism and devoted her life to Jesus Christ. Her final miracle in making her a saint was the healing of Jacob Finkbonner.

Potato Famine

The reason the Irish began immigrating was due to the potato famine. There was a lack of food in Ireland and people were dying of starvation. They immigrated to the US in desperation to get work and be able to eat and feed their families.

1696

The second Pueblo Revolt

1540

The society of Jesus (Jesuits) is founded by Ignatius Loyola, a religious order that people commit themselves to the figure of Ignatius Loyola who sets the standards for their ways of life and priorities as a community

Ark and Dove

The two ships that Cecilius Calvert arranged to be sailing to the new world in 1632 to establish a haven for Catholics in Maryland. The ships leave from Kent in England and have 128 english settlers going to establish the Catholic colony. Ark and Dove sailed to the Isle of Wight and picked up priests and others that will accompany them on the journey.

Secularization Act

This act divides up the mission lands into different lands that were given to local farmers and government administration. The land was given to those that weren't necessarily affiliated with the catholic church because Mexico no longer wanted any institution that was affiliated with that legacy of Spain. The other rationale that was given was that it was supposed to be done for the good of indigenous communities because the idea was that this land was wrongfully taken from indigenous groups without authorization and they wanted to be able to restore some of that land to indigenous tribes. Unfortunately, that is not the way that reality plays out, accounts of indigenous tribes during this time period show that they were observing all of this power and money and land changing between Mexicans, but they were not necessarily invited to partake in that divvying up. Many indigenous people report on going maltreatment and abuse at the hands of the new Mexican government.

Holy orders/ ordination

This is where those who want to be a priest or have a leadership role within the church, learn to read and interpret the Bible. They are then ordained and believed to be gifts of the holy spirit.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty was signed in 1848 between the United States and Mexico and which nearly half of Mexico's Territory was ceded or given over to the United States, there was a whole series of military conflicts between the US and the new Mexican government immediately after they declared their independence. The US tried to claim more and more land and during the attacks to seize land, the Mexicans decided it was better to give up half of their territory as opposed to the US taking everything. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US is able to take over what is known as Alta California (the northern part) and New Mexico and the Rio Grande portion of the border near Texas. Mexico is allowed to keep Baja California and the southern Peninsula that extends down through the Pacific.

Lyman Beecher

Very famous Protestant preacher during the early 1800s that was well known for his anti Catholic sentiment that he often spoke to his community about.

Intersectionality

When you have overlapping aspects of identity such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group that multiply the sense of burden (discrimination and disadvantages)

Draft Riots

______ that occured in 1863, right before the civil war, as irish men were getting drafted and African Americans were taking over the Irish men jobs. The irish men were angry about their jobs being taken away and began burning African American orphanages and rioting.

John Carroll

____________ is Charles Caroll's brother and is one of the authors of The Catholics' Congratulations to President Washington, 1789, and His Reply, March 12, 1790.

Archdiocese & Diocese

______________ is the district in which the archbishop oversees. -- a larger, greater area. Example-- all of LA ______________ is the district in which the bishop oversees. -- collection of local parishes.

Pierre Gibault

__________________ also known as the Patriot Priest that often carried heavy weaponry (two guns and a pistol). Born to a family of French missionaries in Quebec but came under British control in his life, Supported the American cause and encouraged people living in the Northeast to accept American currency both during and after the war. He wasn't always popular and would sometimes be attacked when traveling from place to place.

Charles Carroll

______________________ was a revolutionary and the only Catholic to sign the Declaration of Independence. Before the revolution, Caroll always wanted to be a political leader but Catholics were barred from holding public office. Charles circulated pamphlets that advocated for the American cause, and participated in the burning of British ship Peggy Stewart in the Annapolis harbor. He traveled to Canada with Benjamin Franklin in the late 1770s to recruit support from Canadians both during and after the American revolution. He wrote a bill that advocated for the abolshment of slavery in Maryland but it didnt pass, he also maintained slaves in his life. He later became a US senator and lived until 1832.

Macro/Global level

a level of broad categories and broad trends that influence individual identities (affect identities including colonization and immigration)

Marriage

a relationship that is blessed by God and since it is blessed by God it is hard for it to be overturned. A lasting commitment between two people who have established to be good for each other and for the procreation of their children.

Bishops

a senior member of the Christian clergy, in charge of a diocese (ordained)

Micro-level

a sense of home, where you feel a sense of belonging, where you feel total control over your identity

Confirmation

done within teen years, usually. This way the individual is older and accepting the faith and agreeing to stay with catholicism.

Baptism

formal entry into the catholic church. Common in infancy. Catholics believe that they are born with original sin and communion takes that away.

Priests

formally ordained and leader of a local church

Reconciliation/ confession

go to confession where you confess your sins to a priest. They will issue a penance they believe is suitable.

Pope

head of the Catholic Church, Currently Pope Francis

Identity

how we define ourselves at a particular moment in time (fluid and fundamental)

Cardinals

leaders of the Catholic Church, elected by the Pope

Pope

oversees all of the catholic church and leaders involved. -- representative of Christ on earth

The Laity

people of the church, everyday Catholic believers

Deacons

read the gospel, preach, not ordained

Mass

represents the gathering of the last supper with Jesus, where he told everyone to remember and embody him with bread and wine. The eucharist takes place, this is the notion of transubstantiation where the bread and wine become a divine substance.

Christopher Columbus

sailed west and lands in the bahamas in 1492

Marginality

the ability to move between 2 or more worlds (switching between multiple identities)

Transubstantiation

the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.

Vatican

the papal headquarters in Rome. The pope's residence.

Anointing of the sick

this is where those who are ill or old or not in good health receive a blessing.

Meso-level

when you leave the boundaries of home and encounter people that are trying to group you and get a sense of who you are