Cattle Vaccinations and Preventable Diseases

Why is parainfluenza (PI-3) important to prevent in cattle?

Because its immunosuppression that allows other diseases and infections to develop, like secondary pneumonia

Which clostridial disease is most common?

Blackleg (Clostridium Chauvoei)

How is campylobacter treated?

Cows are culled, bulls vaccinated and given antimicrobials

Name the two protozoal diseases that can cause calf scours.

Cryptosporidium (most common) and coccidiosis.

What makes tetanus fatal?

Death is usually due to respiratory failure.

What is the most prevalent illness in calves during their first 28 days of life?

Diarrhea

List cx associated with tetanus (lock jaw).

"Sawhorse" stance, hind limb stiffness and difficulty walking, unable to open mouth "lock jaw", building eyes and ears held back from muscle contraction, seizure activity in response to loud noises, can progress for days.

What is Brucellosis and how is it transmitted?

- A contagious, zoonotic disease caused by a bacteria that infects the reproductive tract, lymph nodes and spleen. Disease causes high morbidity and lifetime sterility. - Transmitted through direct contact by ingestion or via MM, or broken skin.

What is the name of the scours vaccine for calves and how/when is it administered?

- Bovine Rota-Coronavirus Vaccine - Oral MLV that is given before ingestion of colostrum or the injectable vaccine is given to dams prior to calving.

What is the vaccine schedule for Bovine Leptospirosis?

- Calves: 1st dose marking (6-10 weeks), 2nd dose weaning (12-16 weeks) - Heifers: pre-joining (booster 2-4 weeks pre-joining - Cows: pre-calving (vaccinate 4-6 weeks pre-calving) - Bulls: pre-joining (booster 2-4 weeks pre-joining, vaccinate unvaccinated bulls twice)

List the cx, tx and prevention for Black Disease.

- Cx: Sudden death - Tx: No treatment - Prevention: Appropriate control of liver flukes (Ivermectin in the fall), and vaccination

How is BVD transmitted and what is the incubation period?

- Direct contact with fomites and carriers - Incubation: 3 to 5 days

What symptoms of calf scours does Cryptosporidium cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Loose, watery stool, brown or greenish, containing blood, mucus, milk or bile. - Onset between 1 and 4 weeks

What symptoms of calf scours does Rotavirus cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Loose, watery stool, that is brown/yellow and possibly contains blood or mucus. - Onset first month but particularly 3 - 21 days

What are special considerations regarding IBR?

- Once cattle is infected, they never eliminate it and retain a latent infection - Patient will regress with stress and immunocompromising events

What symptoms of calf scours does Coronavirus cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Profuse, watery diarrhea - Onset between 1 and 3 weeks

List the cx associated with campylobacter.

- Reproductive symptoms such as infertility, abortions (not entirely common), uterine infections, and abnormal estrus. - Bulls are asymptomatic

What symptoms of calf scours does Coccidia cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Thin, watery diarrhea; may contain blood/mucus in more severe cases. - Onset after 3 weeks of age

How is Black Disease transmitted and who is most at risk?

- Transmission: Typically associated with migration of liver flukes during late summer, early autumn - Affects unvaccinated cattle and sheep of all ages.

What symptoms of calf scours does Salmonella cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Yellowish diarrhea, high fevers - Onset 10 days or older

What symptoms of calf scours does E. Coli cause and what is the general age of onset?

- Yellowish- white diarrhea - Onset first week of life

Name the three categories of bovine preventable diseases.

1. Bovine Respiratory Diseases 2. Bovine Reproductive Diseases 3. Clostridial Diseases

What are three things that can increase likelihood of a calf getting calf scours?

1. Lack of passive transfer 2. Environmental stress 3. Overwhelming enteric pathogens

What four things should you always consider before vaccinating cattle?

1. Type of vaccine 2. Stage of production 3. Costs 4. Benefits

How does tetanus toxin work?

A bacteria builds up toxins in the body that attack the entire nervous system.

What is Campylobacter fetus veneralis?

A bacterial venereal disease that is found worldwide in sheep, cattle and goats

What is a carrier calf in regards to BVD?

A calf that sheds BVD lifelong

How is Bovine Leptospirosis characterized?

A reproductive disease that causes reproductive failure and abortions with a silent infection.

What is Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?

A virus found worldwide that can be a serious and costly disease

List the cx associated with brucellosis in cows

Abortion is most obvious manifestation, stillborn calves, weak calves, retained placentas and low milk production are other cx

What cx are associated with BVD in pregnant animals?

Abortion, embryonic death, congenital defects, infertility, delivery of a carrier calf

What is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

An acute, highly contagious respiratory and reproductive disease caused by bovine herpesvirus 1

How is Bovine Leptospirosis treated?

Antimicrobials (Streptomycin, oxytetracycline and ceftiofur) and management changes

How is Bovine Leptospirosis diagnosed?

Bacterial culture, antibody serology, PCR assay and MAT microagglutination test

Name the two viral diseases that can cause calf scours.

Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Rotavirus

What does the BRD vaccine stand for?

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (AKA Shipping Fever)

What is the Latin name for Brucellosis?

Brucella abortus and brucella suis

What is a special consideration when it comes to bulls and campylobacter?

Bulls can become permanent carriers or may be resistant to infection

What species is brucellosis most commonly found in?

Cattle and bison

How is malignant oedema transmitted?

Caused by contaminated IM injections that cause local tissue necrosis and activates latent spores or contaminated wounds.

Name the bacteria that causes Botulism.

Clostridium botulinum

Name the bacteria that causes Blackleg Disease.

Clostridium chauvoei

Name the bacteria that causes Black Disease.

Clostridium novyi

Name the bacteria that causes Enterotoxemia Disease.

Clostridium perfringens

Name the bacteria that causes Malignant edema.

Clostridium septicum

Name the bacteria that causes Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Clostridium tetani

How is tetanus transmitted?

Commonly caused by exposure following puncture wounds, castration sites, or contamination of surgical sites.

How is Campylobacter transmitted?

Contaminated equipment/feed, fecal ingestion, fomites, artificial insemination and genital substances

How is brucellosis diagnose?

Culture of infected tissues/samples and serum agglutination tests

What cx are associated with BVD in calves?

Diarrhea and pneumonia, if transplacental; the calf may be ataxic and fail to nurse.

Animals with botulism are usually euthanized during which cx stage?

Difficulty chewing, swallowing and paresis of the tongue

Define what a clostridial disease is.

Disease caused by anaerobic bacteria spores that damages many body tissues by rapidly multiplying in the body and creating a toxin production. Death can be within hours.

How is BVD diagnosed?

ELISA antigen test (Semen, ear notches, and blood samples), PCR, Immunohistochemistry (IHC) - tissue staining technique

Name the two bacterial diseases that can cause calf scours.

Escherichia Coli and Salmonella

List cx associated with malignant oedema.

Extreme painful edematous swelling, fever, and signs of shock

(T/F) Antibiotics are effective against clostridial diseases.

False

(T/F) The bacteria that causes Campylobacter fetus veneralis survives for long periods in the environment.

False, the bacteria itself is destroyed quickly with heat and exposure.

What is the prognosis for parainfluenza?

Fatality is rare unless the patient develops bacterial pneumonia

What initial cx are associated with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

Fever, conjunctivitis, decreased production, lethargic and anorexic.

What cx are associated with BVD in adult cattle?

Fever, nasal discharge, oral lesions, pneumonia, and diarrhea.

What is another name for Malignant Oedema?

Gas gangrene

What is the most common reason for calf scours?

Generally a result of mixed infections

What are two examples of modified live vaccines in cattle?

Infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis, or Bovine Viral Diarrheal Vaccines

What is another name for Black Disease?

Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis

Why are vaccines important in cattle?

Infectious diseases threaten health and welfare of cattle and decreases productivity and profitability.

What reproductive cx are associated with IBR?

Infertility, abortions, and birth defects

What are the three preventable bovine reproductive diseases?

Leptospirosis, Campylobacter, and Brucellosis

Why should you consider the type of vaccine before vaccination?

Modified-live vaccines should not be given to naive pregnant cattle. Theres not too much concern for reactions for previously vaccinated cows but virus can invade fetus and cause birth defects or abortions.

What test is used to diagnose calf scours?

Multiplex rtPCR

List cx associated with botulism.

Muscle weakness, ascending ataxia over 4-7 days, difficulty chewing, swallowing and paresis of the tongue, respiratory failure or sudden death in some cases.

How is brucellosis treated?

No cure, eradication

List the cx associated with brucellosis in bulls

Organisms found in the semen, arthritic joints (hygromas), swollen testicles and reproductive vessels, and sterility

List the respiratory diseases that the BRD vaccine protects against in cattle.

Parainfluenza (PI3), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

What infective substances can brucellosis be transmitted through?

Placenta, urine, fetus/ fetal fluids, vaginal discharges, and by products such as meat or milk.

What is the prognosis for malignant oedema?

Poor; Fatal toxemia in all ages, death within 24-48 hours.

List the cx associated with parainfluenza

Pyrexia, cough, serous nasal and lacrimal discharge, and increased RR and lung sounds

What acute cx are associated with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

Severe respiratory symptoms such as nasal discharge, pneumonia, coughing and necrotic, ulcerative lesions of the oropharynx/esophagus

What animals is malignant oedema found in?

Sheep, cattle, goats, swine, poultry and horses (grazing animals)

How is Black Leg transmitted?

Spores enter the body through wounds, contaminated needles, injections or equipment.

How is IBR transmitted?

Spread through nasal and genital secretions, direct contact, venereal transmission, fomites and air borne

What is the most common cause of botulism?

Spreading poultry litter or feeding poultry manure.

List the cx associated with Black leg.

Sudden death, lethargic, dull, anorexic, high fever, sudden lameness, and muscle necrosis on necropsy

How is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis treated?

Supportive care

What does every animal need to get before castration?

Tetanus vaccine

Who is brucellosis reported to?

The state veterinarian

How is botulism treated?

There is no treatment.

How are clostridial diseases prevented?

Vaccination and removing animals from area of disease.

Why should stage of production be considered before vaccinating cattle?

Vaccines are often ineffective in eliciting new antibody production in young calvers (less than 4-6 months old)

How is campylobacter diagnosed?

Vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT), bacterial culture, and needs to be differentiated from trichomoniasis.

What is calf scours?

When diarrhea occurs in calves and they become dehydrated.