CBAD 301 Chapter 9

According to expectancy theory, to motivate organizational members, managers need to determine which outcomes have _______ for them; and when members perform at a the desired level, make sure the specified outcomes are provided.

valence

Jim works a day job but is also trying to launch a business in his free time. His current job offers outcomes such as a flexible schedule and health benefits. According to expectancy theory, because Jim is still working at his day job and has not quit to focus on his own business, it is likely that these outcomes have high _______.

valence

The expectancy theory suggests that _______.

workers will have high effort and performance to attain desired outcomes

Which theory concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs?

Equity

Which theory focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs to their jobs and organizations?

Goal-setting

Which theorist purports that people have two sets of needs or requirements: motivator needs and hygiene needs?

Herzberg

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following result in high motivation?

High levels of valence High levels of instrumentality High levels of expectancy

Herzberg's theory suggests that people have which two sets of needs or requirements?

Hygiene Motivator

Who stated that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a powerful motivator?

Maslow

Which theory of motivation views human needs as a hierarchy of five major needs or levels?

Maslow's Hierarchy

Which of the following are management's goals in using positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction?

Motivating high performance Reducing absenteeism

_______ is used to eliminate or remove undesired outcomes and is actually removed once individuals perform the desired organizationally functional behaviors.

Negative reinforcement

Frank works in an office where his performance is assessed solely on an individual basis. Which of the following pay structures is likely to be the most motivating for Frank?

Pay plan based on individual performance

Which of the following is at the lowest level in Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological

Which of the following are tools linked to operant conditioning theory?

Positive reinforcement Punishment Negative reinforcement Extinction

Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?

Power

Which of the following are ways in which people can be motivated?

Prosocially Extrinsically Intrinsically

Which of the following are needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Self-actualization Safety Esteem needs Belongingness Physiological

Which of the following is the source of extrinsic motivation?

The consequences of the behavior

True or false: According to expectancy theory, high motivation results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

True

Which of the following contributes to high motivation in an organization?

When as many as people as possible feel they are being equitably treated

Which of the following are other needs that motivate workers?

Work-life balance Exposure to nature

An employee stock option entitles employees to _______.

buy shares of an organization's stock at a certain price

Research suggests that nature has many salutary effects and a lack of such exposure _______.

can actually impair well-being and performance

According to the general theory of motivation, the many possible behaviors in which a person could engage in refers to the _______ of a person's behavior.

direction

Motivation refers to the psychological forces that determine the _______.

direction of a person's behavior, level of effort, and persistence in an organization

A person's perception of the fairness of the distribution of outcomes in an organization is referred to as _______ justice.

distributive

Kerry feels that her company fairly allocates promotions, job assignments and salaries. Kerry's perception exemplifies the notion of _______ justice.

distributive

Blair just hired a new employee, Stan. Blair is impressed with how hard Stan works to get his job done. Blair is impressed with Stan's _______.

effort

When managers describe their employees according to how hard they work, they are describing the employees' _______.

effort

A financial instrument that allows a person to buy shares of an organization's stock at a certain price during a certain period is called a(n) _______.

employee stock option

People's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs is the concentration of the _______ theory.

equity

The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled is _______.

equity

Treating all organizational members fairly, justly, and without bias is known as treating them with _______.

equity

A person's perception about the extent that their inputs will result in a certain level of performance is referred to as _______.

expectancy

The belief that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome defines the _______ theory

expectancy

When individuals perform a behavior to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment, they are _______ motivated.

extrinsically

Intrinsically motivated behavior is performed _______.

for its own sake

Motivating workers to contribute their inputs to their jobs and organizations is the focus of _______ theory.

goal-setting

Feeling equitably treated and having one's outcomes and inputs in balance generally leads to _______.

high levels of motivation

According to expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so will result in _______.

high performance

A general lack of fairness in the treatment of organizational members is _______.

inequity

According to expectancy theory, _______ is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcomes.

instrumentality

When individuals are motivated by the task and the motivation comes from doing the work itself, they are _______ motivated.

intrinsically

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once an individual has met a particular need such as safety, _______.

it is no longer a powerful motivator

The social learning theory suggests that _______.

learning and motivation are influenced by how people think about, believe and watch other's behavior

Janice, an accountant, is compensated based on her performance which is measured in terms of report timeliness and accuracy. This is an example of a(n) _______ pay plan.

merit

According to theories of merit pay, when individual performance can be accurately determined, if merit pay is based on individual performance, an individual's ______ is likely to be highest.

motivation

The psychological forces that determine (1) the direction of a person's behavior, (2) the person's level of effort, and (3) the person's level of persistence are known as _______.

motivation

The needs people are trying to satisfy at work and the outcomes that will satisfy those needs is the focus of the _______ theories of motivation.

need

According to Maslow, once a person's needs are satisfied at any one level, that need _______.

no longer motivates

The theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences is _______ theory.

operant conditioning

Need theories of motivation focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what _______ will satisfy those needs.

outcomes

According to the operant conditioning theory, _______.

people learn to perform behaviors that lead to the outcomes they want

A merit pay plan is based on _______.

performance

Learning theory focuses on _______.

performance and outcomes in motivation

Jim works in a factory where he is paid for each unit he produces. Jim is paid on a(n) _______ pay plan.

piece-rate

Pay plans that are based on the number of units each employee produces are called _______ pay plans.

piece-rate

Joe would really like a pay raise and has been working hard and taking on new projects in hopes that he will get one. If his boss, Bill, notices Joe's hard work and does give him a raise, this would be an example of _______.

positive reinforcement

The direction of a person's behavior is a reference to the _______.

possible behaviors in which the person could engage

Behavior that is performed to help other people is _______ motivated behavior.

prosocially

When Ellen's employees do not perform well, she does not hesitate to offer criticism. However she eliminates undesired outcomes, such as criticism, when her employees perform at a high level. Ellen is using negative __________ to help motivate her employees.

reinforcement

The theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior is _______ theory.

social learning

The need for power refers to _______.

the extent to which an individual wants to control or influence others

The learning theories propose that managers can increase motivation and performance by how they link _______.

the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals

According to expectancy theory, a key reason why employees are motivated to perform at a high level is _______.

they believe that high performance will lead to desired outcomes