CD 256: Chapt 4

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

- Non-Latino White infants are more likely to display more intense positive and negative emotions than East Asian infants. - East Asian parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

- behavioral organization -communication with others

Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?

- development of the hippocampus - development of the brain stem - maturation of the cerebral cortex

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

- difficult - slow-to-warm-up - easy

Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?

- disengagement - suppression

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following

- marital satisfaction between parents - effective parenting

Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

- the characteristic of the stranger - the social context

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?

anger cry

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as _____

attachment

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low, negative, low

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _______.

personality

Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson?

physical comfort

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either ______

positive or negative.

A _________(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___________ (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive, social

Self- ________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role.

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ______, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

An important form of reciprocal socialization is _______, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

The term _____ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called

separation protest.

Behavioral inhibition is characterized by ______

shyness with strangers.

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

social relationships

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal .

socialization

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

temperament

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates ____

the concept of goodness of fit

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional.

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

A securely attached baby . . .

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?

environmental quality

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.

feeding; contact comfort

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

between 18 and 24 months

_______ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn. True false question.

FALSE

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?

Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

According to Erikson, the foundation for attachment in infancy is _______

TRUST

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

chess & thomas

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

cognitive processes

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _______ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _______ child.

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _______ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ________child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

easy

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

effortful control

parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

culture

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ________

emotion

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as __________ emotions.

positive

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?

reactivity & sel-regulation

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

According to Ainsworth's model, an _________ insecure baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ________ _______

social referencing

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Ainsworth created the _____ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to _____

begin to regulate their emotions.

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?

- higher levels of parental responsiveness - higher levels of parental sensitivity - higher parental involvement

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

- lack of preliminary moaning - breath holding

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

- low activity level - low intensity of mood - somewhat negative affect

Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?

basic, anger, pain