CEH_CL_Set_4

335 ( Topic 11) Bubba has just accessed he preferred ecommerce web site and has spotted an item that he would like to buy. Bubba considers the price a bit too steep. He looks at the source code of the webpage and decides to save the page locally, so that he can modify the page variables. In the context of web application security, what do you think Bubba has changes? A. A hidden form field value. B. A hidden price value. C. An integer variable. D. A page cannot be changed locally, as it is served by a web server.

: A

301 ( Topic 8) Steven, a security analyst for XYZ associates, is analyzing packets captured by Ethereal on a Linux Server inside his network when the server starts to slow down tremendously. Steven examines the following Ethereal captures: A. Smurf Attack B. ARP Spoofing C. Ping of Death D. SYN Flood

: A Explanation: A perpetrator is sending a large amount of ICMP echo (ping) traffic to IP broadcast addresses, all of it having a spoofed source address of the intended victim. If the routing device delivering traffic to those broadcast addresses performs the IP broadcast to layer 2 broadcast function, most hosts on that IP network will take the ICMP echo request and reply to it with an echo reply, multiplying the traffic by the number of hosts responding.

343 ( Topic 11) What is Form Scalpel used for? A. Dissecting HTML Forms B. Dissecting SQL Forms C. Analysis of Access Database Forms D. Troubleshooting Netscape Navigator E. Quatro Pro Analysis Tool

: A Explanation: Form Scalpel automatically extracts forms from a given web page and splits up all fields for editing and manipulation.

312 ( Topic 9) Study the following e-mail message. When the link in the message is clicked, it will take you to an address like: http://hacker.xsecurity.com/in.htm. Note that hacker.xsecurity.com is not an official SuperShopper site! What attack is depicted in the below e-mail? Dear SuperShopper valued member, Due to concerns, for the safety and integrity of the SuperShopper community we have issued this warning message. It has come to our attention that your account information needs to be updated due to inactive members, frauds and spoof reports. If you could please take 5-10 minutes out of your online experience and renew your records you will not run into any future problems with the online service. However, failure to update your records will result to your account cancellation. This notification expires within 24 hours. Once you have updated your account records your SuperShopper will not be interrupted and will continue as normal. Please follow the link below and renew your account information. https://www.supershopper.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=update-run SuperShopper Technical Support http://www.supershopper.com A. Phishing attack B. E-mail spoofing C. social engineering D. Man in the middle attack

: A Explanation: Phishing is a criminal activity using social engineering techniques. Phishers attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in an electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out using email or an instant message, although phone contact has been used as well.

311 ( Topic 9) What is the most common vehicle for social engineering attacks? A. Phone B. Email C. In person D. P2P Networks

: A Explanation: Pretexting is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the pretext) to persuade a target to release information or perform an action and is usually done over the telephone.

325 ( Topic 10) After a client sends a connection request (SYN) packet to the server, the server will respond (SYN-ACK) with a sequence number of its choosing, which then must be acknowledge (ACK) by the client. This sequence number is predictable; the attack connects to a service first with its own IP address, records the sequence number chosen and then opens a second connection from a forget IP address. The attack doesnt see the SYN-ACK (or any other packet) from the server, but can guess the correct responses. If the source IP Address is used for authentication, the attacker can use the one-side communication to break into the server. What attacks can you successfully launch against a server using the above technique? A. Session Hijacking attacks B. Denial of Service attacks C. Web Page defacement attacks D. IP Spoofing Attacks

: A Explanation: The term Session Hijacking refers to the exploitation of a valid computer - to gain unauthorised access to information or services in a computer system. In particular, it is used to refer to the theft of a magic cookie used to authenticate a user to a remote server. It has particular relevance to web developers, as the HTTP cookies used to maintain a session on many web sites can be easily stolen by an attacker using an intermediary computer or with access to the saved cookies on the victim's computer.

309 ( Topic 9) Your boss at ABC.com asks you what are the three stages of Reverse Social Engineering. A. Sabotage, advertising, Assisting B. Sabotage, Advertising, Covering C. Sabotage, Assisting, Billing D. Sabotage, Advertising, Covering

: A Explanation: Typical social interaction dictates that if someone gives us something then it is only right for us to return the favour. This is known as reverse social engineering, when an attacker sets up a situation where the victim encounters a problem, they ask the attacker for help and once the problem is solved the victim then feels obliged to give the information requested by the attacker.

344 ( Topic 11) Data is sent over the network as clear text (unencrypted) when Basic Authentication is configured on Web Servers. A. True B. False

: A Explanation: Using HTTP basic authentication will result in your password being sent over the internet as clear text. Don't use this technique unless you understand what the ramifications of this are.

307 ( Topic 9) Usernames, passwords, e-mail addresses, and the location of CGI scripts may be obtained from which of the following information sources? A. Company web site B. Search engines C. EDGAR Database query D. Whois query

: A Explanation: Whois query would not enable us to find the CGI scripts whereas in the actual website, some of them will have scripts written to make the website more user friendly. The EDGAR database would in fact give us a lot of the information requested but not the location of CGI scripts, as would a simple search engine on the Internet if you have the time needed.

333 ( Topic 11) Which of the following buffer overflow exploits are related to Microsoft IIS web server? (Choose three) A. Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) buffer overflow B. Code Red Worm C. Indexing services ISAPI extension buffer overflow D. NeXT buffer overflow

: A,B,C Explanation: Both the buffer overflow in the Internet Printing Protocol and the ISAPI extension buffer overflow is explained in Microsoft Security Bulletin MS01-023. The Code Red worm was a computer worm released on the Internet on July 13, 2001. It attacked computers running Microsoft's IIS web server.

306 ( Topic 9) Which of these are phases of a reverse social engineering attack? Select the best answers. A. Sabotage B. Assisting C. Deceiving D. Advertising E. Manipulating

: A,B,D Explanation: Explanations: According to "Methods of Hacking: Social Engineering", by Rick Nelson, the three phases of reverse social engineering attacks are sabotage, advertising, and assisting.

341 ( Topic 11) 000 00 00 BA 5E BA 11 00 A0 C9 B0 5E BD 08 00 45 00 ...^......^...E. 010 05 DC 1D E4 40 00 7F 06 C2 6D 0A 00 00 02 0A 00 [email protected]...... 020 01 C9 00 50 07 75 05 D0 00 C0 04 AE 7D F5 50 10 ...P.u......}.P. 030 70 79 8F 27 00 00 48 54 54 50 2F 31 2E 31 20 32 py.'..HTTP/1.1.2 040 30 30 20 4F 4B 0D 0A 56 69 61 3A 20 31 2E 30 20 00.OK..Via:.1.0. 050 53 54 52 49 44 45 52 0D 0A 50 72 6F 78 79 2D 43 STRIDER..Proxy-C 060 6F 6E 6E 65 63 74 69 6F 6E 3A 20 4B 65 65 70 2D onnection:.Keep- 070 41 6C 69 76 65 0D 0A 43 6F 6E 74 65 6E 74 2D 4C Alive..Content-L 080 65 6E 67 74 68 3A 20 32 39 36 37 34 0D 0A 43 6F ength:.29674..Co 090 6E 74 65 6E 74 2D 54 79 70 65 3A 20 74 65 78 74 ntent-Type:.text 0A0 2F 68 74 6D 6C 0D 0A 53 65 72 76 65 72 3A 20 4D /html..Server:. 0B0 69 63 72 6F 73 6F 66 74 2D 49 49 53 2F 34 2E 30 ..Microsoft 0C0 0D 0A 44 61 74 65 3A 20 53 75 6E 2C 20 32 35 20 ..Date:.Sun,.25. 0D0 4A 75 6C 20 31 39 39 39 20 32 31 3A 34 35 3A 35 Jul.1999.21:45:5 0E0 31 20 47 4D 54 0D 0A 41 63 63 65 70 74 2D 52 61 1.GMT..Accept-Ra 0F0 6E 67 65 73 3A 20 62 79 74 65 73 0D 0A 4C 61 73 nges:.bytes..Las 100 74 2D 4D 6F 64 69 66 69 65 64 3A 20 4D 6F 6E 2C t-Modified:.Mon, 110 20 31 39 20 4A 75 6C 20 31 39 39 39 20 30 37 3A .19.Jul.1999.07: 120 33 39 3A 32 36 20 47 4D 54 0D 0A 45 54 61 67 3A 39:26.GMT..ETag: 130 20 22 30 38 62 37 38 64 33 62 39 64 31 62 65 31 ."08b78d3b9d1be1 140 3A 61 34 61 22 0D 0A 0D 0A 3C 74 69 74 6C 65 3E :a4a"....<title> 150 53 6E 69 66 66 69 6E 67 20 28 6E 65 74 77 6F 72 Sniffing.(networ 160 6B 20 77 69 72 65 74 61 70 2C 20 73 6E 69 66 66 k.wiretap,.sniff 170 65 72 29 20 46 41 51 3C 2F 74 69 74 6C 65 3E 0D er).FAQ</title>. 180 0A 0D 0A 3C 68 31 3E 53 6E 69 66 66 69 6E 67 20 ...<h1>Sniffing. 190 28 6E 65 74 77 6F 72 6B 20 77 69 72 65 74 61 70 (network.wiretap 1A0 2C 20 73 6E 69 66 66 65 72 29 20 46 41 51 3C 2F ,.sniffer).FAQ</ 1B0 68 31 3E 0D 0A 0D 0A 54 68 69 73 20 64 6F 63 75 h1>....This.docu 1C0 6D 65 6E 74 20 61 6E 73 77 65 72 73 20 71 75 65 ment.answe A. Apache 1.2 B. IIS 4.0 C. IIS 5.0 D. Linux WServer 2.3

: B Explanation: We see that the server is Microsoft, but the exam designer didnt want to make it easy for you. So what they did is blank out the IIS 4.0. The key is in line 0B0 as you see: 0B0 69 63 72 6F 73 6F 66 74 2D 49 49 53 2F 34 2E 30 ..Microsoft 49 is I, so we get II 53 is S, so we get IIS 2F is a space 34 is 4 2E is . 30 is 0 So we get IIS 4.0 - The answer is B - If you dont remember the ASCII hex to Character, there are enough characters and numbers already converted. For example, line 050 has STRIDER which is 53 54 52 49 44 45 52 and gives you the conversion for the I: and S characters (which is 49 and 53).

350 ( Topic 11) Bill successfully executed a buffer overflow against a Windows IIS web server. He has been able to spawn in interactive shell and plans to deface the main web page. He fist attempts to use the Echo command to simply overwrite index.html and remains unsuccessful. He then attempts to delete the page and achieves no progress. Finally, he tires to overwrite it with another page in which also he remains unsuccessful. What is the probable cause of Bills problem? A. The system is a honeypot B. The HTML file has permissions of read only C. You can't use a buffer overflow to deface a web page D. There is a problem with the shell and he needs to run the attack again

: B Explanation: A honeypot has no interest in stopping an intruder from altering the target files. A buffer overflow is a way to gain access to the target computer. Once he has spawned a shell it is unlikely that it will not work as intended, but the user context that the shell is spawned in might stop him from altering the index.html file incase he doesnt have sufficient rights.

326 ( Topic 10) John is using tokens for the purpose of strong authentication. He is not confident that his security is considerably strong. In the context of Session hijacking why would you consider this as a false sense of security? A. The token based security cannot be easily defeated. B. The connection can be taken over after authentication. C. A token is not considered strong authentication. D. Token security is not widely used in the industry.

: B Explanation: A token will give you a more secure authentication, but the tokens will not help against attacks that are directed against you after you have been authenticated.

315 ( Topic 9) What is the most common vehicle for social engineering attacks? A. Email B. Direct in person C. Local Area Networks D. Peer to Peer Networks

: B Explanation: All social engineering techniques are based on flaws in human logic known as cognitive biases.

322 ( Topic 10) What is the key advantage of Session Hijacking? A. It can be easily done and does not require sophisticated skills. B. You can take advantage of an authenticated connection. C. You can successfully predict the sequence number generation. D. You cannot be traced in case the hijack is detected.

: B Explanation: As an attacker you dont have to steal an account and password in order to take advantage of an authenticated connection.

340 ( Topic 11) Bart is looking for a Windows NT/2000/XP command-line tool that can be used to assign, display, or modify ACLs (access control lists) to files or folders and also one that can be used within batch files. Which of the following tools can be used for that purpose? (Choose the best answer) A. PERM.exe B. CACLS.exe C. CLACS.exe D. NTPERM.exe

: B Explanation: Cacls.exe is a Windows NT/2000/XP command-line tool you can use to assign, display, or modify ACLs (access control lists) to files or folders. Cacls is an interactive tool, and since it's a command-line utility, you can also use it in batch files.

345 ( Topic 11) This kind of attack will let you assume a users identity at a dynamically generated web page or site: A. SQL Injection B. Cross Site Scripting C. Session Hijacking D. Zone Transfer

: B Explanation: Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications which allow code injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other users. Examples of such code include HTML code and client-side scripts. An exploited cross-site scripting vulnerability can be used by attackers to bypass access controls such as the same origin policy.

347 ( Topic 11) Sara is making use of Digest Authentication for her Web site. Why is this considered to be more secure than Basic authentication? A. Basic authentication is broken B. The password is never sent in clear text over the network C. The password sent in clear text over the network is never reused. D. It is based on Kerberos authentication protocol

: B Explanation: Digest access authentication is one of the agreed methods a web page can use to negotiate credentials with a web user (using the HTTP protocol). This method builds upon (and obsoletes) the basic authentication scheme, allowing user identity to be established without having to send a password in plaintext over the network.

337 ( Topic 11) You visit a website to retrieve the listing of a company's staff members. But you can not find it on the website. You know the listing was certainly present one year before. How can you retrieve information from the outdated website? A. Through Google searching cached files B. Through Archive.org C. Download the website and crawl it D. Visit customers' and prtners' websites

: B Explanation: Explanation: Archive.org mirrors websites and categorizes them by date and month depending on the crawl time. Archive.org dates back to 1996, Google is incorrect because the cache is only as recent as the latest crawl, the cache is over-written on each subsequent crawl. Download the website is incorrect because that's the same as what you see online. Visiting customer partners websites is just bogus. The answer is then Firmly, C, archive.org -

327 ( Topic 10) on a remote server. The server and the client are communicating via TCP after a successful TCP three way handshake. The server has just received packet #120 from the client. The client has a receive window of 200 and the server has a receive window of 250. Within what range of sequence numbers should a packet, sent by the client fall in order to be accepted by the server? A. 200-250 B. 121-371 C. 120-321 D. 121-231 E. 120-370

: B Explanation: Package number 120 have already been received by the server and the window is 250 packets, so any package number from 121 (next in sequence) to 371 (121+250).

328 ( Topic 10) Which of the following attacks takes best advantage of an existing authenticated connection A. Spoofing B. Session Hijacking C. Password Sniffing D. Password Guessing

: B Explanation: Session hijacking is the act of taking control of a user session after successfully obtaining or generating an authentication session ID. Session hijacking involves an attacker using captured, brute forced or reverse-engineered session IDs to seize control of a legitimate user's Web application session while that session is still in progress.

305 ( Topic 9) Within the context of Computer Security, which of the following statements best describe Social Engineering? A. Social Engineering is the act of publicly disclosing information. B. Social Engineering is the act of getting needed information from a person rather than breaking into a system. C. Social Engineering is the means put in place by human resource to perform time accounting. D. Social Engineering is a training program within sociology studies.

: B Explanation: Social engineering is a collection of techniques used to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging confidential information.

319 ( Topic 9) Jake works as a system administrator at Acme Corp. Jason, an accountant of the firm befriends him at the canteen and tags along with him on the pretext of appraising him about potential tax benefits. Jason waits for Jake to swipe his access card and follows him through the open door into the secure systems area. How would you describe Jason's behavior within a security context? A. Trailing B. Tailgating C. Swipe Gating D. Smooth Talking

: B Explanation: Tailgating, in which an unauthorized person follows someone with a pass into an office, is a very simple social engineering attack. The intruder opens the door, which the authorized user walks through, and then engages them in conversation about the weather or weekend sport while they walk past the reception area together.

323 ( Topic 10) What type of cookies can be generated while visiting different web sites on the Internet? A. Permanent and long term cookies. B. Session and permanent cookies. C. Session and external cookies. D. Cookies are all the same, there is no such thing as different type of cookies.

: B Explanation: There are two types of cookies: a permanent cookie that remains on a visitor's computer for a given time and a session cookie the is temporarily saved in the visitor's computer memory during the time that the visitor is using the Web site. Session cookies disappear when you close your Web browser.

338 ( Topic 11) Take a look at the following attack on a Web Server using obstructed URL: http://www.example.com/script.ext?template%2e%2e%2e%2e%2e%2f%2e%2f%65%74% 63%2f%70%61%73%73%77%64 The request is made up of: -> %2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2f% = ../../../ -> %65%74%63 = etc -> %2f = / -> %70%61%73%73%77%64 = passwd How would you protect information systems from these attacks? A. Configure Web Server to deny requests involving Unicode characters. B. Create rules in IDS to alert on strange Unicode requests. C. Use SSL authentication on Web Servers. at the firewall and routers.

: B Explanation: This is a typical Unicode attack. By configuring your IDS to trigger on strange Unicode requests you can protect your web-server from this type of attacks.

314 ( Topic 9) Jack Hacker wants to break into Brown Co.'s computers and obtain their secret double fudge cookie recipe. Jack calls Jane, an accountant at Brown Co., pretending to be an administrator from Brown Co. Jack tells Jane that there has been a problem with some accounts and asks her to tell him her password 'just to double check our records'. Jane believes that Jack is really an administrator, and tells him her password. Jack now has a user name and password, and can access Brown Co.'s computers, to find the cookie recipe. This is an example of what kind of attack? A. Reverse Psychology B. Social Engineering C. Reverse Engineering D. Spoofing Identity E. Faking Identity

: B Explanation: This is a typical case of pretexting. Pretexting is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the pretext) to persuade a target to release information or perform an action and is usually done over the telephone.

303 ( Topic 9) Dave has been assigned to test the network security of Acme Corp. The test was announced to the employees. He created a webpage to discuss the progress of the tests with employees who were interested in following the test. Visitors were allowed to click on a sand clock to mark the progress of the test. Dave successfully embeds a keylogger. He also added some statistics on the webpage. The firewall protects the network well and allows strict Internet access. How was security compromised and how did the firewall respond? A. The attack did not fall through as the firewall blocked the traffic B. The attack was social engineering and the firewall did not detect it C. The attack was deception and security was not directly compromised D. Security was not compromised as the webpage was hosted internally

: B Explanation: This was just another way to trick the information out of the users without the need to hack into any systems. All traffic is outgoing and initiated by the user so the firewall will not react.

320 ( Topic 9) Sabotage, Advertising and Covering are the three stages of _____ A. Social engineering B. Reverse Social Engineering C. Reverse Software Engineering D. Rapid Development Engineering

: B Explanation: Typical social interaction dictates that if someone gives us something then it is only right for us to return the favour. This is known as reverse social engineering, when an attacker sets up a situation where the victim encounters a problem, they ask the attacker for help and once the problem is solved the victim then feels obliged to give the information requested by the attacker.

318 ( Topic 9) What are the six types of social engineering?(Choose six). A. Spoofing B. Reciprocation C. Social Validation D. Commitment E. Friendship F. Scarcity G. Authority H. Accountability

: B,C,D,E,F,G Explanation: All social engineering is performed by taking advantage of human nature. For in-depth information on the subject review, read Robert Cialdini's book, Influence: Science and Practice.

330 ( Topic 10) Bob is going to perform an active session hijack against company. He has acquired the target that allows session oriented connections (Telnet) and performs sequence prediction on the target operating system. He manages to find an active session due to the high level of traffic on the network. So, what is Bob most likely to do next? A. Take over the session. B. Reverse sequence prediction. C. Guess the sequence numbers. D. Take one of the parties' offline.

: C

342 ( Topic 11) Bill has successfully executed a buffer overflow against a Windows IIS web server. He has been able to spawn an interactive shell and plans to deface the main web page. He first attempts to use the "echo" command to simply overwrite index.html and remains unsuccessful. He then attempts to delete the page and achieves no progress. Finally, he tries to overwrite it with another page in which also he remains unsuccessful. What is the probable cause of Bill's problem? A. You cannot use a buffer overflow to deface a web page B. There is a problem with the shell and he needs to run the attack again C. The HTML file has permissions of read only D. The system is a honeypot

: C

317 ( Topic 9) A majority of attacks come from insiders, people who have direct access to a company's computer system as part of their job function or a business relationship. Who is considered an insider? A. The CEO of the company because he has access to all of the computer systems B. A government agency since they know the company computer system strengths and weaknesses C. Disgruntled employee, customers, suppliers, vendors, business partners, contractors, temps, and consultants D. A competitor to the company because they can directly benefit from the publicity generated by making such an attack

: C Explanation: An insider is anyone who already has an foot inside one way or another.

334 ( Topic 11) An attacker has been successfully modifying the purchase price of items purchased at a web site. The security administrators verify the web server and Oracle database have not been compromised directly. They have also verified the IDS logs and found no attacks that could have caused this. What is the mostly likely way the attacker has been able to modify the price? A. By using SQL injection B. By using cross site scripting C. By changing hidden form values in a local copy of the web page D. There is no way the attacker could do this without directly compromising either the web server or the database

: C Explanation: Changing hidden form values is possible when a web site is poorly built and is trusting the visitors computer to submit vital data, like the price of a product, to the database.

348 ( Topic 11) ____________ will let you assume a users identity at a dynamically generated web page or site. A. SQL attack B. Injection attack C. Cross site scripting D. The shell attack E. Winzapper

: C Explanation: Cross site scripting is also referred to as XSS or CSS. You must know the user is online and you must scam that user into clicking on a link that you have sent in order for this hack attack to work.

346 ( Topic 11) On a default installation of Microsoft IIS web server, under which privilege does the web server software execute? A. Everyone B. Guest C. System D. Administrator

: C Explanation: If not changed during the installation, IIS will execute as Local System with way to high privileges.

302 ( Topic 8) What do you call a system where users need to remember only one username and password, and be authenticated for multiple services? A. Simple Sign-on B. Unique Sign-on C. Single Sign-on D. Digital Certificate

: C Explanation: Single sign-on (SSO) is a specialized form of software authentication that enables a user to authenticate once and gain access to the resources of multiple software systems. Topic 9, Social Engineering -

308 ( Topic 9) Why is Social Engineering considered attractive by hackers and also adopted by experts in the field? A. It is done by well known hackers and in movies as well. B. It does not require a computer in order to commit a crime. C. It is easy and extremely effective to gain information. D. It is not considered illegal.

: C Explanation: Social engineering is a collection of techniques used to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery for information gathering or computer system access and in most (but not all) cases the attacker never comes face-to- face with the victim. The term has been popularized in recent years by well known (reformed) computer criminal and security consultant Kevin Mitnick who points out that it's much easier to trick someone into giving you his or her password for a system than to spend the effort to hack in. He claims it to be the single most effective method in his arsenal.

321 ( Topic 9) Jack Hackers wants to break into Browns Computers and obtain their secret double fudge cookie recipe. Jack calls Jane, an accountant at Brown Co. pretending to be an administrator from Brown Co. Jack tell Jane that there has been a problem with some accounts and asks her to verify her password with him just to double check our records. Jane does not suspect anything amiss and parts her password. Jack can now access Brown Co.s computer with a valid username and password to steal the cookie recipe. What kind of attack is being illustrated here? A. Faking Identity B. Spoofing Identity C. Social Engineering D. Reverse Psychology E. Reverse Engineering

: C Explanation: Social engineering is a collection of techniques used to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery for information gathering or computer system access and in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim. Topic 10, Session Hijacking -

339 ( Topic 11) What are the differences between SSL and S-HTTP? A. SSL operates at the network layer and S-HTTP operates at the application layer B. SSL operates at the application layer and S-HTTP operates at the network layer C. SSL operates at the transport layer and S-HTTP operates at the application layer D. SSL operates at the application layer and S-HTTP operates at the transport layer

: C Explanation: The main difference between the protocols is the layer at which they operate. SSL operates at the transport layer and mimics the "socket library," while S-HTTP operates at the application layer. Encryption of the transport layer allows SSL to be application- independent, while S-HTTP is limited to the specific software implementing it. The protocols adopt different philosophies towards encryption as well, with SSL encrypting the entire communications channel and S-HTTP encrypting each message independently.

304 ( Topic 9) What does the following command achieve? Telnet <IP Address> <Port 80> HEAD /HTTP/1.0 - <Return> <Return> A. This command returns the home page for the IP address specified B. This command opens a backdoor Telnet session to the IP address specified C. This command returns the banner of the website specified by IP address D. This command allows a hacker to determine the sites security E. This command is bogus and will accomplish nothing

: C Explanation: This command is used for banner grabbing. Banner grabbing helps identify the service and version of web server running.

332 ( Topic 11) Kevin sends an email invite to Chris to visit a forum for security professionals. Chris clicks on the link in the email message and is taken to a web based bulletin board. Unknown to Chris, certain functions are executed on his local system under his privileges, which allow Kevin access to information used on the BBS. However, no executables are downloaded and run on the local system. What would you term this attack? A. Phishing B. Denial of Service C. Cross Site Scripting D. Backdoor installation

: C Explanation: This is a typical Type-1 Cross Site Scripting attack. This kind of cross-site scripting hole is also referred to as a non-persistent or reflected vulnerability, and is by far the most common type. These holes show up when data provided by a web client is used immediately by server-side scripts to generate a page of results for that user. If unvalidated user-supplied data is included in the resulting page without HTML encoding, this will allow client-side code to be injected into the dynamic page. A classic example of this is in site search engines: if one searches for a string which includes some HTML special characters, often the search string will be redisplayed on the result page to indicate what was searched for, or will at least include the search terms in the text box for easier editing. If all occurrences of the search terms are not HTML entity encoded, an XSS hole will result.

310 ( Topic 9) Jack Hacker wants to break into companys computers and obtain their secret double fudge cookie recipe. Jacks calls Jane, an accountant at company pretending to be an administrator from company. Jack tells Jane that there has been a problem with some accounts and asks her to verify her password with him just to double check our records. Jane does not suspect anything amiss, and parts with her password. Jack can now access companys computers with a valid user name and password, to steal the cookie recipe. What kind of attack is being illustrated here? (Choose the best answer) A. Reverse Psychology B. Reverse Engineering C. Social Engineering D. Spoofing Identity E. Faking Identity

: C Explanation: This is a typical case of pretexting. Pretexting is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the pretext) to persuade a target to release information or perform an action and is usually done over the telephone.

336 ( Topic 11) You are gathering competitive intelligence on ABC.com. You notice that they have jobs listed on a few Internet job-hunting sites. There are two job postings for network and system administrators. How can this help you in footprint the organization? A. The IP range used by the target network B. An understanding of the number of employees in the company C. How strong the corporate security policy is D. The types of operating systems and applications being used.

: D Explanation: From job posting descriptions one can see which is the set of skills, technical knowledge, system experience required, hence it is possible to argue what kind of operating systems and applications the target organization is using.

331 ( Topic 10) Which is the right sequence of packets sent during the initial TCP three way handshake? A. FIN, FIN-ACK, ACK B. SYN, URG, ACK C. SYN, ACK, SYN-ACK D. SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK

: D Explanation: A TCP connection always starts with a request for synchronization, a SYN, the reply to that would be another SYN together with a ACK to acknowledge that the last package was delivered successfully and the last part of the three way handshake should be only an ACK to acknowledge that the SYN reply was recived. Topic 11, Hacking Web Servers -

324 ( Topic 10) What is Hunt used for? A. Hunt is used to footprint networks B. Hunt is used to sniff traffic C. Hunt is used to hack web servers D. Hunt is used to intercept traffic i.e. man-in-the-middle traffic E. Hunt is used for password cracking

: D Explanation: Hunt can be used to intercept traffic. It is useful with telnet, ftp, and others to grab traffic between two computers or to hijack sessions.

349 ( Topic 11) You wish to determine the operating system and type of web server being used. At the same time you wish to arouse no suspicion within the target organization. While some of the methods listed below work, which holds the least risk of detection? A. Make some phone calls and attempt to retrieve the information using social engineering. B. Use nmap in paranoid mode and scan the web server. C. Telnet to the web server and issue commands to illicit a response. D. Use the netcraft web site look for the target organization's web site.

: D Explanation: Netcraft is providing research data and analysis on many aspects of the Internet. Netcraft has explored the Internet since 1995 and is a respected authority on the market share of web servers, operating systems, hosting providers, ISPs, encrypted transactions, electronic commerce, scripting languages and content technologies on the internet.

329 ( Topic 10) How would you prevent session hijacking attacks? A. Using biometrics access tokens secures sessions against hijacking B. Using non-Internet protocols like http secures sessions against hijacking C. Using hardware-based authentication secures sessions against hijacking D. Using unpredictable sequence numbers secures sessions against hijacking

: D Explanation: Protection of a session needs to focus on the unique session identifier because it is the only thing that distinguishes users. If the session ID is compromised, attackers can impersonate other users on the system. The first thing is to ensure that the sequence of identification numbers issued by the session management system is unpredictable; otherwise, it's trivial to hijack another user's session. Having a large number of possible session IDs (meaning that they should be very long) means that there are a lot more permutations for an attacker to try.

316 ( Topic 9) Bob waits near a secured door, holding a box. He waits until an employee walks up to the secured door and uses the special card in order to access the restricted area of the target company. Just as the employee opens the door, Bob walks up to the employee (still holding the box) and asks the employee to hold the door open so that he can enter. What is the best way to undermine the social engineering activity of tailgating? A. issue special cards to access secured doors at the company and provide a one-time only brief description of use of the special card B. to post a sign that states no tailgating next to the special card reader adjacent to the secured door C. setup a mock video camera next to the special card reader adjacent to the secured door D. to educate all of the employees of the company on best security practices on a recurring basis

: D Explanation: Tailgating will not work in small companys where everyone knows everyone, and neither will it work in very large companies where everyone is required to swipe a card to pass, but its a very simple and effective social engineering attack against mid-sized companies where its common for one employee not to know everyone. There is two ways of stop this attack either by buying expensive perimeter defense in form of gates that only let on employee pass at every swipe of a card or by educating every employee on a recurring basis.

313 ( Topic 9) Which type of hacker represents the highest risk to your network? A. script kiddies B. grey hat hackers C. black hat hackers D. disgruntled employees

: D Explanation: The disgruntled users have some permission on your database, versus a hacker who might not get into the database. Global Crossings is a good example of how a disgruntled employee -- who took the internal payroll database home on a hard drive -- caused big problems for the telecommunications company. The employee posted the names, Social Security numbers and birthdates of company employees on his Web site. He may have been one of the factors that helped put them out of business.