Cell 120- Connect Unit 2 Chemistry Review

True or false: Molecules that contain covalent bonds are rigid, inflexible structures.

False

Pure water can ionize into which of the following?

Positively charged protons (H+) and negatively charged hydroxide (OH-) ions

Nitrogen has five electrons in its outer shell, so it can bond with up to Blank______ other atoms to complete its outer shell

3

A new element found on earth has four unpaired electrons in its outer shell. Predict the maximum number of bonds in which the new element can participate.

4

In humans, water comprises approximately Blank______ of body weight.

60-70%

Why are atoms likely to share electrons?

Because they have unfilled outer valence shells.

Which component of humans has the greatest percent of water?

Lungs

What is a likely predictor of how many covalent bonds an atom can form?

The electron configuration in the outermost shell

Compared with liquid water, ice has

a more orderly arrangement of water molecules more hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to

attract electrons

Living organisms minimize changes in their internal pH using compounds called

buffers

The amount of solute (in grams) dissolved in a given volume of solution is the solution's

concentration

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) ________bond.

covalent

The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons when in a bond with another atom is called its

electronegativity

Atoms are most stable when their outer shells are filled with

electrons

A pure substance made up of only one atom is called a(n)

element

Atoms tend to be most stable when their outer shells are___________ ; this can be accomplished by gaining, losing, or sharing__________

full, electrons

When two water molecules are near each other, a hydrogen bond will form between the more positive ___________and the more negative atoms of neighboring ___________water molecules.

hydrogen, oxygen

Water is used to break apart another molecule in a(n)__________ reaction

hydrolysis

Within an atom's structure, electrons can be found

in cloudlike orbitals

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, and thus has a net electric charge, is called a(n)

ion

Anything that contains mass and occupies space is called

matter

Isotopes of an element differ from one another in the number of ___________ they contain

neutrons

Phosphorus exists in several isotopes, including 31P and 32P. These are expected to have different

numbers of neutrons

Atoms tend to be most stable when their outermost shell is filled with eight electrons. This is referred to as the_______ rule

octet

When outer electron shells contain between _______ and ______ electrons, the opportunity for the covalent bond

one, seven

The region within an atom that surrounds the nucleus and in which there is a high probability of finding an electron is called an electron

orbital

By mass, the most abundant element in living organisms is

oxygen

he hydrogen bonds connecting water molecules form between a(n) Blank______ atom on one molecule and a(n) Blank______ atom on another molecule

oxygen; hydrogen

The ______ of a solution is the negative base 10 logarithm of the H+ concentration of the solution.

pH

What type of subatomic particle occurs in each different element in a unique number and is therefore used to identify specific elements?

proton

Atoms of different chemical elements can be differentiated based on the number of

protons in the nucleus

Within an atom, particles with nearly equal mass are ________ and neutrons, while__________ have a much smaller mass.

protons, electrons

The concentration of a liquid is defined as the amount of ______ dissolved in a unit volume of solution.

solute

Substances dissolved in liquid are called

solutes

Matter is anything that has _________and occupies________

space, volume

what is a likely predictor of how many covalent bonds an atom can form

the electron configuration in the outermost shell

place the physical states in order based on the intermolecular distances between water molecules. the top position should be the state where the molecules are the farthest.

the gaseous state, solid state, liquid state

In a micelle, which portion of the amphipathic molecules are oriented toward the surface of the sphere?

the polar region

An atom's ability to form a covalent bond is dictated by the number of its

valence electrons