CELL 220 - MIDTERM 1 - #4-6

melanoma

All skin cancers are very dangerous but the most deadly often begins from a nevus. Which skin cancer is characterized by rapid devision of melanocytes?

anagen phase

Also known as growth phase; phase during which new hair is produced. 2-7 years

osteoporosis disease

An 80-year old woman arrives in your emergency department after she slipped and fell out of her bathtub. You determine that she broke her proximal femur. Upon further examination you notice low bone density. What is your most likely secondary diagnosis?

fontanelle

An area of dense connective tissue between skull bones that is present at birth is called a _____.

transverse, spinous, articular

What are the processes of the spine?

arm, forearm, hand

What are the regions of the upper limb from proximal to distal?

vertebral body and intervertebral disc

What are the weight bearing structures of the spine?

mature cartilage cells

What are these mature cartilage cells called?

condyle

What bone marking is described as a rounded projection that helps form an articulation?

pedicle and lamina

What composes the vertebral arch which surrounds and protects spinal cord?

appocrine

What gland releases sweat in the axillary and genital regions that contains organic compounds as well as water and salts?

inorganic compound

What is hydroxyapatite?

maintains structure and function of bone

What is the function of an osteocyte?

sebum

What is the substance that is secreted by sebaceous glands?

A

What labeled line is showing the lacuna in the following figure?

the apophysis

What part of a long bone is a bony outgrowth and serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons?

the hair follicle

What structure contains the hair bulb and the hair root?

epiphyseal line

What structure is located in the metaphysis of older adults?

the nail root

What structure is made of a matrix of proliferating cells and is where the nail grows?

E

What structure(s) is found in the hypodermis? A. Blood vessels B. Areolar connective tissue C. Adipose tissue D. Blood vessels and adipose tissue only E. All of the above

elastic

What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?

dense irregular

What type of connective tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?

terminal

What type of hair grows on the scalp, axillary region, and eyebrow?

dense irregular

What type of tissue is the periosteum made from?

osteogenic cell

stem cell that starts the formation of bone cells turns into osteoblast

Excessive production of melanin

Freckles are caused by:

CT

sparse cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

epidermal dendritic cells

( langerhans )skin cells that initiate an immune system response to the presence of foreign bacteria or viruses in the stratum spinosum

cartilage functions

-support soft tissues -articular surfaces for joints -provide a model for endochondral bone formation

intramembranous process

1. development of ossification center: osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular mis 3. Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone 4. development of periosteum: mesenchyne at the periphery of the bone develops into periosteum

Facial Bones

14 BONES - NO BRAIN CONTACT maxilla - 2 nasal - 2 lacrimal - 2 zygomatic - 2 palatine - 2 interior nasal concha - 2 vomer - 1 mandible - 1

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. spongy bone becomes very thin

periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

arrestor pili muscle

A small, involuntary muscle located along the side of the hair follicle that is responsible for 'goose bumps'

sebaceous glands

Acne is a skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that are rich in _______ .

sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum only bone to hold your arms to body and is not very stable

cuticle

Band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

osteoclast

Bone-destroying cells

apophysis

Bony outgrowth to which muscles attach

lamellae

Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix layers in compact bone

posterior longitudinal ligament

Connects all the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

supraspinous ligament

Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, hair, and nail largest body organ two layers - epidermis, dermis

perichondrium

Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage

big toe - hallux

Digit 1 of the foot, adapted for pushing off during walking.

clavicle

During intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. Which of the following would you expect to develop from intramembranous ossification?

transition occurs

During the telogen phase of hair growth:

cranial bones - brain case

EIGHT BONES frontal (1) Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Sphenoid (1) Occipital (1) ethmoid (1)

proximal nail fold

Edge that covers the nail root

epiphysis

End of a long bone

avascular

Epidermis is _____ or has no blood supply.

Interstitial growth; appositional growth

Growth hormone is a hormone that causes body growth, especially in bone. When someone secretes too much growth hormone as a child (and the epiphyseal plates have not yet closed), bones grow longer. When someone secretes too much growth hormone as an adult (after the growth plates have closed), bones grow wider. What are these two types of bone growth called?

canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal in compact bone

osteon

Haversian - structural unit of compact bone - circles in compact bone

7 cervical

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

12 thoracic

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

7, 12, 5

How many vertebrae are there in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the vertebral column, respectively?

J, basale

Identify the Merkel cell and the layer of the epidermis in which it resides:

spinous process

Identify the boney prominence which projects posteriorly at the midline of the back

the lamellae

In compact bone, osteons are composed of ________.

the canaliculi

In osteons, only osteocytes in close proximity to blood vessels in the central canal have direct access to oxygen and nutrients. Which structures in the osteon allow osteocytes in lacunae to pass along oxygen and nutrients to the outer lamellae so that all cells are nourished?

red marrow

In this dissection, _____ is the area where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced.

terminal hair

Long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females.

hair bulb

Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root. where hair is produced

basal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. originates in basale layer keratinocytes go out of control

hair cortex

Middle, thickest portion of a hair shaft

malignant melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. from melanocytes

ethmoid sinus

Mucosa lined air spaces located above the Sphenoid Sinus and below the frontal sinus.

basale layer

Name the epidermal layer that contains melanocytes.

intervertebral foramen

Opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. Allows passage of spinal nerves and vessels.

hair cuticle

Outermost layer of hair; scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof.

melanosomes

Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein. the dots on the cells

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the nipple, anal, and pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

catagen phase

The brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the growth phase. follicle shrinks 2-3 weeks

the false ribs

The costal cartilages from these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum, the costal cartilages are attached to the cartilage of the next higher rib.

connective

The dermis is composed of what type of tissue?

keratinized stratified squamous

The epidermis is a __________ epithelium.

lunula

The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail

parietal bones and occipital bone

The lambdoid suture joins the

keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. in spinous, granulosum, and lucidum

areolar CT, dense irregular connective tissue

The papillary layer of the dermis is made from __________, while the reticular layer of the dermis is made from _____________.

hair root

The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis.

sesamoid

The patella is classified as a ______ bone.

superficial deep

The periosteum is ________ to compact bone, and spongy bone is _______ to compact bone.

remodling

The process of resorption and formation of spongy bone along lines of stress to strengthen it

pectoral girdle/upper limb

The scapula and clavicle form the ______ which anchors the ______ to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton.

7, foot

There are __________ tarsal bones found in each ___________.

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

There are two parts of the intervertebral discs; the outer, more superficial __________, and the inner and deeper _________.

cervical

Transverse foramina are unique to ________ vertebrae.

vertebral and intervertebral foramen

What are the foramina of the spine?

dead keratinocytes

What are the nails of our fingers and toes made of?

minimize, drops

When body temperatures drop, skin blood vessels constrict to ______ heat loss, particularly in the ends of the digits and tip of the nose. Although the temperature of the skin ______ as a result, passive heat loss is prevented, and internal organs and structures remain warm.

epiglottis and external ear

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Scoliosis

Which disorder is pictured in the X-ray?

lucidum

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

all 5

Which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes?

C

Which letter corresponds to dermal papillae?

B

Which letter corresponds to the nucleus pulposus?

letter C

Which letter corresponds to the sphenoid sinus?

maxilla

Which of the following bones articulates (forms a joint) with the zygomatic bone?

vomer bone

Which of the following is an unpaired facial bone? A. Maxillae B. Palatine C. Lacrimal D. Vomer E. Occipital bone

Maxillary sinus

Which of the skull structures has the function of resonating sound, warming and humidifying the air, and making the skull lighter?

the endosteum

You are a researcher that wants to understand the tissue where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. What part of bone is a good structure to study these functions?

ligamentum flavum

You bend over to pick up a rock that is close to a cliff. What ligament of the vertebral column prevents too much forward bending of the spine?

osteocytes, lacunae

_______ are mature bone cells, found within the matrix in tiny cavities called _____ in compact bone

intramembranous

________ ossification is when a bone develops from fibrous membrane in the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle

dermal papillae

a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)

hair follicle

a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair anchor hair root

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

paranasal sinuses

air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities make skull lighter resonante sound lined with mucous membranes warms and humidifies air

endochondral

bone growth within the cartilage turns fetal framework of hyaline into bone most bones

functions of hypodermis

anchors skin to underlying structures thermal insulation energy reservoir

interspinous ligaments

between spinous processes

Nevus

birthmark, or mole harmless unless it breaks off into bloodstream and then it causes cancer caused by overgrowth of melanin-forming cells

vascular and innervated

bone is richly what and what?

osteoblast

bone-forming cell turns into osteocyte once trapped

osteomalacia - rickets

bones become softer because of a vitamin D deficiency or calcium rickets - in children

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

perforating canal

canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves in compact bone

middle cranial fossa

holds the temporal lobes of the brain formed by sphenoid and temporal bone

spongy bone

cancellous - Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

short bone EX

carpals and tarsals

supporting CT

cartilage and bone

chondroblasts

cartilage forming cells turn into chondrocytes

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. shock absorber

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

melanocyte

cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin in the basale layer

nucleus pulpous

center of the intervertebral disc

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula bones are light and thin connects to axial at sternoclavicular joint

anterior longitudinal ligament

connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

ligamentum flavum

connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae is more yellow

sacroiliac joint

connects to axial skeleton

central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves in compact bone

posterior cranial fossa

contains the cerebellum and brainstem built by occipital

Come, Let's Get Sun Burned

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale superficial to deep

compact bone

cortical - Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

tubercle of rib

costal facet on thoracic vertebra attaches to what?

scars

damaged skin is replaced with fibrous tissue (collagen produced by fibroblasts) happens when epidermis can't repair it

more

darker melanin = WHAT melanin NOT more melanocytes

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis one cell layer thick attached to basement membrane

cranial fossae

depressions in floor of cranium on which the brain rests

vasculated and innervated

dermis is what?

2nd degree

epidermal and some dermal damage, pain; regeneration is possible what I have had bubbles blisters

1st degree

epidermal damage; redness, and some pain; regeneration is possible

epithelial tissue

epidermis is made of what?

plate

epiphyseal WHAT is in children?

nail root

fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin where nail is made and pushed out

lower limb

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

lanugo hair

fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

Freckles

flat melanized patches from excessive melanocyte activity NOT more CELLS. vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

anterior cranial fossa

formed by the frontal bone and part of the sphenoid bone holds frontal lobe

after puberty

fusion of hip bones takes place what?

eccrine glands

glands that produce watery sweat; found over most of the body most numerous

interstitial growth

growth in length at epiphyseal plates

appositional growth

growth in width at periosteum and endosteum

digits 2-5

have proximal, middle and distal phalanx

pink

hemoglobin produces a what glow in the skin?

4 cocyx

how many fused?

5 sacrum

how many fused?

5 lumbar

how many in lower back?

upper limb

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

long bone Ex

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula

Arituclar cartilage

hyaline cartilage between bones

adipose and areolar

hypodermis tissue is made of what two?

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis heavy and thick connects to axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint

suture

immovable joint

temporal

inferior view

acne

inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles overactive and plugged sebaceous ducts

hair medulla

innermost portion of a hair shaft

fibrocartilage location

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint, articular discs of jaw

costal cartilage

is made of hyaline cartilage and is connecting to ribs

tough and waterproof

keratin makes our skin what?

maxillary sinus

largest paranasl sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone

hyaline cartialge

larynx, trachea, bronchi, costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton what kind of cartilage is this?

false ribs

last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum

floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

CT proper

loose CT and dense CT

hypodermis

loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis

wrinkles

loss of collagen and elastic fibers decreased thickness of dermis skin less "springy"

Exocrine glands

made from epithelial tissue and have ducts sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells that live in lacunae

melanin

melanocytes produce what?

endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

nutrient formina

minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

fontanelles

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

cartilage

more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. avascular ( no blood veins) flexible and resilient (elastic fibers, collagen, and gel like substance)

hyaline

most common type of cartilage flexible but resilient

sebacceous glands

oil glands in the skin

bone matrix

organic - osteoid (has collagen and proteins) inorganic - hydroxyapatite and contains calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

bone

osseous connective tissue Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

annulus fibrosis

outer layer of intervertebral disc

hair

outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin functions: protection, sensation, reduce heat loss

3rd degree

pain is absent because nerve endings in the area are destroyed skin is black can see hypodermis

lacrimal bone

paired

maxilla

paired

nasal bone

paired

palatine bone

paired

parietal bone

paired

temporal bone

paired

zygomatic bone

paired

vellus hair

pale, fine body hair of children and babies on their arms and legs

areolar CT

papillary layer of dermis is what kind of tissue?

free edge

part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

sesamoid bones

patella, small bones in tendons in feet and hands

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower extremities

epiphyseal plate/line

plate of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis; site of bone elongation during childhood and adolescence; ossifies to a line of compact bone after puberty

center

primary ossification WHAT forms in the diaphysis for endochondral

ossification

process of bone formation during which cartilage is replaced by bone

functions of integumentary

protection, prevents dehydration, sensation, temp. regulation, vitamin D synthesis

extracellular matrix - cartilage

protein fibers in gel like ground substance

herniated disc

protrusion of a fragmented intervertebral disc in the intervertebral foramen with potential compression of a nerve

thumb - pollex

proximal and distal phalanx

Merkel cell

receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch

dense irregular CT

reticular layer of dermis is what kind of tissue?

cervical and lumbar

same curves 1st and 3rd sections

thoracic and sacral

same curves 2nd and 4th

flat bone structure

sandwich of compact bone which is lined by periosteum and is composed of osteons in middle is the spongy bone lined by endosteum and composed of trabeculae and contains red bone marrow

nails

scale like modification of epidermis contains hard keratin

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

intervertebral discs

shock-absorbing cushions between each vertebra made mostly of fibrocartilage dense slight flexibility, rotation

ethmoid bone

single

frontal bone

single

mandible

single

sphenoid bone

single

axial skeleton

skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

vertebral arch

structure that encloses the nerve cord

bone functions

support the body, protect organs, facilitate movement, attachment sites for muscles, hematopoiesis, mineral and energy storage

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone BEAMS

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands eccrine and apocrine

dead

the cells at the top of the corneum are what?

osteogenesis

the creation of bone

papillary and reticular

the dermis has two layers, the ___________ layer and the ______________ layer

epidermal ridges

the downward waves are extensions of the epidermis the ridges

telogen phase

the final growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin lasts 2-4 months

compression and tension

there are WHAT and WHAT trabeculae in the tops of spongy bone that are a part of bone remodeling

surface

to lose heat blood goes where?

deep

to retain heat blood stays what?

spongy bone structure

trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, endosteum

stratum lucidum

translucent layer found in thick skin, absent in thin skin

sphenoid sinus

under sella turcica

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

irregular bones

vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, os coax, ethmoid, sphenoid

hair shaft

visible part of the hair

spongy bone flat

what is A

2 mm

what is the growth rate of hair a week?

1

what number is papillary layer

transverse view

what view?

spinosum

where are epidermal dendritic cells found?

basale

where are melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells found?

metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

4

which number is medullary cavity