Cell Bio Final

question 29 define and differentiate between chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, and centromere telomere

chromatin = DNA in cell NOT dividing chromosome = DNA is dividing chromatid = two identical halves of chromosome centromere telomere = the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad); end regions of the chromatids of the chromosome

question 70 define entropy, enthalpy, and free (Gibb's) energy

entropy: randomized, disordered, state of energy that's unavailable to do work enthalpy: total heat content of a system free (Gibb's) energy: amount of energy to perform work

question 76 know the location and amount of ATP produced in glycolysis, the prep step, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

glycolysis: cytoplast/2 prep step: matrix of the mitochondria/2 citric acid cycle: matrix of the mitochondria/0 electron transport chain: cristae/32

question 97 I am part of the cytoskeleton system of many cells. I am the most abundant cytoskeleton component found throughout the cell including inside the nucleus. I am composed of the proteins keratin, desmin, and lamin. I give function to give the cell strength and mechanical stress. I am...

intermediate filaments

question 77 know which parts of cellular respiration are substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic, and anaerobic

substrate phosphorylation: glycolysis and citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain aerobic: all 4 steps anaerobic: fermentation

question 32 know the different type of gametes (sex cells) that can be produced in living organisms.

males: animal = sperm; plant = pollen females: animal and plant = eggs

question 64 using a codon table, figure out which amino acids it represents

need codon table - given on test

question 3 the 3 parts of the cell theory

-All organisms are composed of cells •German botanist Matthais Schleiden (1804-1881) •German zoologist Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) -All cells come only from preexisting cells •German physician Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) -Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms

question 19 define and differentiate between a dehydration and hydrolysis in terms of anabolic/synthesis and catabolic/derogation and the creation and destruction of water

- A hydrolysis reaction is a chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added to break a covalent bond. -Used to breakdown polymers into monomers -Example: digestion of starch into glucose monomers -A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which subunits are joined together by the formation of a covalent bond and water is produced during the reaction. -Used to connect monomers together to make polymers -Example: formation of starch (polymer) from glucose subunits (monomer)

question 81 differentiate between noncyclic and cyclic phosphorylation

-Noncyclic pathway- more common, moist environment -Cyclic pathway- less common, without moisture

question 7 major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

-Prokaryote - microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles -Eukaryote - unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles -Prokaryotic cells: bacteria and archaea -No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles -Eukaryotic cells: animals, plants, fungi, and protists -Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific functions -Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes

question 62 The ribosome is composed of ___(1)___ subunits and has ___(2)___ sites.

1. 2 2. 3

question 49 In DNA ___(1)___ nitrogen base always binds to ___(2)___ nitrogen base via ___(3)____ hydrogen bonds, while the ___(4)___ nitrogen base always binds to ___(5)___ nitrogen base via ___(6)___ hydrogen bonds.

1. A 2. T 3. 2 4. G 5. C 6. 3

question 63 The first codon is always ___(1)___, and codes for the amino acid ___(2)___.

1. AUG 2. methionine (met)

question 18 define and differentiate between an acid and a base in terms of hydrogen and hydroxide ions and the pH scale

1. Acids are substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions. 2. Bases are substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH−). 3. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

question 16 define and differentiate between an 1. ionic, 2. covalent, and 3. hydrogen bond

1. Anionic bond forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom and the oppositely charged ions are attracted to one. 2. Covalent bonds result when two atoms share electrons so each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell. 3. A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

questions 22 and 23 know the location and function of the following lipids: 1. fats; 2. oils; 3. phospholipids; 4. steroids and 5. waxes

1. Fats: a. Functions: longer-term energy storage and insulation in animals b. Human uses: butter, lard 2. Oils: a. Functions: long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds b. Human uses: cooking oils 3. Phospholipids: a. Functions: component of plasma membrane 4. Steroids: a. Functions: component of plasma membrane (cholesterol), sex hormones b. Human uses: medicines 5. Waxes: a. Functions: protection, prevent water loss (cuticle of plant surfaces), beeswax, earwax b. Human uses: candles, polishes

question 35 know the main difference between the 3 Mendelian Laws of Genetics

1. Law of Segregation: Each individual has a pair of factors (alleles) for each trait The factors (alleles) segregate (separate) during gamete (sperm & egg) formation Each gamete contains only one factor (allele) from each pair of factors Fertilization gives the offspring two factors for each trait 2. Law of Independent Assortment The pair of factors for one trait segregate independently of the factors for other traits All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes 3. Law of Dominance If the dominant allele is present, it will be expressed

question 13 define the following chemical terms: 1. matter; 2. element; 3. atom; 4. isotope; 5. molecule; 6. compound

1. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. 2. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of one type of atom. 3. An atom is the smallest part of an element that displays the property of the element. 4. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (and therefore different atomic masses). 5. A molecule is two or more elements bonded together. 6. A compound is a molecule containing at least two different elements bonded together.

questions 37 and 38 define the following genetic terms: 1. gene; 2. genome; 3. allele; 4. genotype and 5. phenotype

1. gene: the set of information that controls a trait; a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait 2. genome: organism's genetic material 3. allele: the different forms of a gene 4. genotype: genetic makeup, all of an organism's genes 5. phenotype: appearance, or physical characteristics

question 2 steps of the scientific method

1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiments and Data Collection 4. Conclusion

questions 9-12 function of the major cellular organelles and if they're plant, animal, or both

1. Ribosomes •Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell •Composed of rRNA -Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit -Subunits made in nucleolus •May be located: -On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it "rough"), or -Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum •A system of membrane channels and saccule (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope •Rough ER -Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side -Protein anabolism •Synthesizes proteins •Modifies and processes proteins -Adds sugar to protein -Results in glycoproteins •Smooth ER -No ribosomes -Synthesis of lipids -Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage -Forms transport vesicles 3. Golgi Apparatus -Consists of flattened, curved saccules -Resembles stack of hollow pancakes -Modifies proteins and lipids •Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face) •Packages them in vesicles •Prepares for "shipment" and packages them in vesicles from trans (or outer face) -Within cell -Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis) 4. Lysosomes •Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants) -Produced by the Golgi apparatus -Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly acidic •Digestion of large molecules •Recycling of cellular resources •Some genetic diseases -Caused by defect in lysosomal enzyme -Lysosomal storage diseases (Tay-Sachs) 5. Peroxisomes -Similar to lysosomes •Membrane-bounded vesicles •Enclose enzymes -However •Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm (instead of ER) •Active in lipid metabolism •Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2 -Toxic -Broken down to water & O2 by catalase 6. Vacuoles •Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles -Store materials that occur in excess -Others very specialized (contractile vacuole) •Plants cells typically have a central vacuole -Up to 90% volume of some cells -Functions in: •Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products •Development of turgor pressure •Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes 7. Chloroplasts -Bounded by double membrane -Inner membrane infolded •Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana •Suspended in semi-fluid stroma -Green due to chlorophyll •Green photosynthetic pigment •Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast -Membranous organelles (a type of plastid)that serve as the site of photosynthesis 8. Mitochondria •Smaller than chloroplast •Contain ribosomes and their own DNA •Surrounded by a double membrane -Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form cristae. -Matrix - Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes •Break down carbohydrates •Involved in cellular respiration •Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell 9. The Cytoskeleton •Maintains cell shape •Assists in movement of cell and organelles •Three types of macromolecular fibers -Actin filaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules •Assemble and disassemble as needed

questions 24 and 25 know the definition of the following terms: 1. saturated; 2. monounsaturated; 3. polyunsaturated; 4. essential and 5. nonessential

1. Saturated - no double bonds between carbons •Tend to be solid at room temperature -Examples: butter, lard 2. Monounsaturated - (of an organic compound, especially a fat) saturated except for one multiple bond. 3. Polyunsaturated - (of an organic compound, especially a fat or oil molecule) containing several double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Polyunsaturated fats, which are usually of plant origin, are regarded as healthier in the diet than saturated fats. 4. Essential - a thing that is absolutely necessary 5. Nonessential - not absolutely necessary

question 21 know the location and function of the following polysaccharides: 1. starch; 2. glycogen; 3. cellulose and 4. peptidoglycan

1. Starch provides energy storage in plants. 2. Glycogen provides energy storage in animals. 3. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants. 4. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of bacteria

question 57 In RNA, all the ___(1)___ nitrogen bases found in DNA become ___(2)___ nitrogen bases in RNA.

1. T 2. U

question 17 What are the 6 basic properties of water?

1. Water has a high heat capacity. 2. Water has a high heat of vaporization. 3. Water is a good solvent. 4. Water molecules are cohesive and adhesive. 5. Ice is less dense than liquid water.

question 26 the basic monomers and polymers of the 4 major biochemical groups in living organisms

1. carbohydrates: monosaccharides and polysaccharides 2. lipids: fatty acids/glycerol and triglycerides 3. protein: amino acids and polypeptides 4. nucleic acids: nucleotides and DNA/RNA

question 72 an enzyme is a biological ___(1)___ and ___(2)___ activation energy

1. catalyst 2. lowers

question 68 state the 6 major functions of membrane proteins

1. channel proteins 2. carrier proteins 3. cell recognition proteins 4. receptor proteins 5. enzymatic proteins 6. junction proteins

question 61 define the following terms associated with translation: 1. splicing; 2. SNuRP's; 3. exon and 4. intron

1. cut out introns and connect exons 2. do the splicing 3. good/expressed 4. bad/inactive

questions 55 and 56 know the location in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells of 1. replication; 2. transcription and 3. translation

1. eukaryotic: nucleus prokaryotic: cytoplasm 2. eukaryotic: nucleus prokaryotic: cytoplasm 3. eukaryotic: ribosomes prokaryotic: ribosomes

question 30 know what occurs during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

1. interphase consists of: G1, S, and G2 phases G1 Phase: •Recovery from previous division •Cell doubles its organelles •Cell grows in size •Cell accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis S Phase: •DNA replication •Proteins associated with DNA are synthesized •Chromosomes enter with 1 chromatid each •Chromosomes leave with 2 identical chromatids (sister chromatids) each G2 Phase: •Between DNA replication and onset of mitosis •Cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division 2. prophase •Chromatin has condensed -Chromosomes are distinguishable with microscope -Each chromosome has two sister chromatids attached at the centromere •Nucleolus disappears •Nuclear envelope disintegrates •Spindle begins to assemble •The two centrosomes move away from each other •Microtubules form star-like arrays termed asters 3. metaphase •Chromosomes are pulled around by kinetochore fibers •Forced to align across the equatorial plane of the cell-Metaphase plate - Represents plane through which mother cell will be divided 4. anaphase •Centromere dissolves, releasing sister chromatids •Sister chromatids separate -Now called daughter chromosomes -Pulled to opposite poles along kinetochore fibers 5. telophase •Spindle disappears •Now two clusters of daughter chromosomes -Still two of each type with all types represented -Clusters are incipient daughter nuclei •Nuclear envelopes form around the two incipient daughter nuclei -Each daughter nucleus receives one chromosome of each type

question 1 the basic characteristics of all living things

1. living things are organized 2. living things acquire materials and energy 3. living things maintain homeostasis 4. living things respond to stimuli 5. living things reproduce and develop 6. living things have adaptations

questions 40-42 define and know examples of the following non-Mendelian Genetic Concepts: 1. multiple alleles; 2. co-dominance; 3. incomplete dominance; 4. incomplete penetrance; 5. pleiotropic effect and 6. polygenetic trait

1. multiple alleles: having many possible alleles, although the individual only gets 2 alleles 2. co-dominance: 2 alleles are fully expressed 3. incomplete dominance: dominant allele faile to mask recessive allele 4. incomplete penetrance: dominimant allele not dominant phenotype 5. pleiotropic effect: when a gene can be influenced by its environment 6. polygenetic trait: not many alleles, but many genes control

question 92 define the 3 types of endocytosis

1. phagocytosis: process of cellular eating 2. pinocytosis: process of cellular drinking 3. receptor mediated: bind to receptor to gain entrance

question 85 In the current theory of the cell membrane model, the word "fluid" refers to the ___(1)___, while the word "mosaic" refers to the ___(2)___.

1. phospholipid bilayer 2. proteins

question 66 define and differentiate between the 4 levels of protein structure/folding.

1. primary: bonds = peptide shape = "chain" location = w/in a polypeptide 2. secondary bonds = hydrogen shape = alpha helices and beta sheets location = w/in a polypeptide 3. tertiary bonds = disulfide shape = "globular" location = w/in a polypeptide 4. quaternary location = between 2 or more polypeptides

question 46 Define the following molecular biology processes: 1. replication; 2. transcription and 3. translation. Know where each of them occur in a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

1. replication: copying and making new DNA 2. transcription: DNA to RNA 3. translation: RNA to proteins

questions 47 and 48 define the following molecular biology terms: 1. semiconservative; 2. unidirectional; 3. bidirectional; 4. continuous; 5. discontinuous; 6. lead strand; 7. lagging strand; 8. Okazaki fragments; 9. DNA ligase

1. semiconservative: each daughter strand of DNA is made from half old and half new 2. unidirectional: one direction-mRNA (transcription) 3. bidirectional: replication 4. continuous: DNA replication off of leading strand 5. discontinuous: occurs off lagging strand 6. lead strand: the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction 7. lagging strand: a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork 8. Okazaki fragments: small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand 9. DNA ligase: joins together the Okazaki framents

questions 33 and 34 and 36 define the following cell division terms: 1. synapsis; 2. crossing over; 3. disjunction and 4. nondisjunction

1. synapsis: when homologous chromosomes pair up and physically align themselves against each other side by side 2. crossing over: Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis I At synapsis, a nucleoprotein lattice (called the synaptonemal complex) appears between homologues •Holds homologues together •Aligns DNA of non-sister chromatids •Allows crossing-over to occur Then homologues separate and are distributed to different daughter cells 3. disjunction: separation of chromosome pairs in anaphase I or II (this is good) 4. nondisjunction: chromosome pairs do NOT separate (this is bad)

questions 50-53 Match each molecular biology enzyme/protein up with its correct function: 1. helicase; 2. single strand binding proteins; 3. topoisomerase; 4. DNA polymerase; 5. telomerase; 6. RNA polymerase and 7. primase

1. unwinds DNA 2. keeps DNA unwound 3. relaxes curl of DNA 4. creates new DNA (replication) 5. makes ends of chromosomes 6. makes RNA (transcription) 7. adds RNA pieces together

question 69 define the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics

1st Law of Thermodynamics: law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Law of entropy: when energy is changed from one form to another, there's loss of usable energy

question 87 know the different types of passive and active transport

3 types of passive transport: a. diffusion: net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient b. osmosis: focuses on solvent movement rather than solute; diffusion c. facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules that cannot pass directly through the membrane lipids 2 types of active transport: a. primary: direct use of ATP and a protein pump b. secondary: use of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to drive a process and a protein pump *** cotransport: move molecules in same direction *** countertransport: move molecules in opposite direction

question 99 The basal body portion of the cilia and flagella have a protein arrangement of ______, while the free portion of the cilia and flagella have a protein arrangement of _____.

9x2 9+2

question 90 know the difference between primary and secondary transport

Active transport uses energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient. These transporters are often called "pumps". These pumps can also be saturated and use two types of energy sources: (1) The direct use of ATP in primary active transport (2)The use of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to drive the process in secondary active transport

question 84 Which types of plants utilize the Calvin Cycle (C3), the Hatch-Slack Cycle (C4) and the CAM Pathways?

C3: temperature condition C4: desert plants CAM: tropical plants

question 5 difference between a compound, scanning electron, transmission electron, and immunofluorescent microscope

Compound Light Microscope •Light passed through specimen•Focused by glass lenses •Image formed on human retina •Max magnification about 1000X •Resolves objects separated by 0.2 mm, 500X better than human eye Scanning Electron Microscope •Abbreviated S.E.M.•Specimen sprayed with thin coat of metal -Electron beam scanned across surface of specimen -Metal emits secondary electrons•Emitted electrons focused by magnetic lenses •Image formed on fluorescent screen -Similar to TV screen -Image is then photographed Transmission Electron Microscope •Abbreviated T.E.M. •Electrons passed through specimen•Focused by magnetic lenses •Image formed on fluorescent screen-Similar to TV screen -Image is then photographed•Greater magnification than Compound Light Microscope •Resolves objects separated by 0.0002 mm, 100,000X better than human eye Immunofluorescence Light Microscope •Antibodies developed against a specific protein -Fluorescent dye molecule attached to antibody molecules -Specimen exposed to fluorescent antibodies •Ultra-violet light (black light) passed through specimen -Fluorescent dye glows in color where antigen is located -Emitted light is focused by glass lenses onto human retina •Allows mapping distribution of a specific protein in cell

questions 93-95 matching section: match up each type of cellular transport with where it occurs within the cell

Gated: cytosol --> nucleus Vesicle: sorting and transport of proteins through the endomembrane system Transmembrane: targeting proteins to the the ER

question 20 define and differentiate between inorganic and organic molecules

Inorganic Molecules - usually contain positive and negative ions - usually ionic bonding - always contain a small number of atoms - often associated with nonliving matter Organic Molecules - always contain carbon and hydrogen - always covalent bonding - often quite large, with many atoms - usually associated with living organisms

question 78 NADH and FADH2 are created during which parts of cellular respiration?

NADH created during glycolysis, prep step and citric acid cycle FADH2 created during citric acid cycle

question 100 Who is your favorite cell biology professor?

PAUL

question 80 know the reactants and products of the light reactions of photosynthesis

Reactants: ADP, NADP, H2O Products: ATP, NADPH, O2

question 27 define and differentiate between somatic and reproductive cell division in terms of how many daughter cells are produced, are the daughter cells diploid or haploid, and which is associated with mitosis and meiosis

Somatic Cell Division: cell produces 2 cells, composed of Mitosis and Cytokinesis Reproductive Cell Division: cell produces 4 cells, composed of Meiosis and Cytokinesis

question 15 define and differentiate between the atomic number and the atomic weight (mass)

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in each atom of an element. The atomic mass is approximately equal to the mass number. -The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in atom's nucleus.

question 4 1. What is a virus? 2. Is it a cell? 3. What is it composed of? 4. Does it have organelles?

Viruses - Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

question 43 Who discovered the structure of DNA? (4 people)

Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins

question 54 Can DNA correct the majority of mistakes during replication?

YES

question 74 know the following enzymatic terms: 1. allosteric enzyme; 2. competitive inhibitor and 3. noncompetitive inhibitor

allosteric enzymes: enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site competitive inhibition: substrate and inhibitor both able to bind to active site noncompetitive inhibition: inhibitor doesn't bind at active site, but at allosteric site

question 31 Cytokinesis occurs in in animal cells via a _______, while in plant cells via a __________.

cleavage furrow and cell plate

question 59 know the location of codons and anticodons

codons: mRNA anticodons: tRNA

question 67 define denaturation

denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent

question 88 define and differentiate between diffusion and facilitated diffusion

diffusion: net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules that cannot pass directly through the membrane lipids

question 71 know terms and concepts associated with endergonic and exergonic reactions

endergonic: delta G > 0; delta G is positive; anabolic; dehydration exergonic: delta G < 0; delta G is negatie; catabolic; hydrolysis

question 58 know the basic shape of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

mRNA = single strand linear tRNA = single strand clover rRNA = single strand linear

question 96 know the difference between size, shape, example and functions of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

microfilaments: - size = small - shape = one thread intermediate filaments: - size = medium - shape = several threads microtubules: - size = large - shape = tubes - examples = centrioles, external, cilla, and flagella

question 98 Centrioles are composed of _______ and are located in ______ cells.

microtubules/animal

question 39 be able to complete a monohybrid genetic cross using a Punnett Square

n/a

question 82 know the location of the dark reactions (Calvin Cycle C3) of photosynthesis

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

question 79 know the location of the light reactions of photosynthesis

occurs in thylakoid sacs of chloroplast

question 75 define and differentiate between oxidation and reduction

oxidation: loss of electron reduction: gain of election (in photosynthesis and cellular respiration)

question 86 define and differentiate between passive and active transport

passive transport: no ATP; higher to lower concentration active transport: movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

question 65 A _______ bond is a special type of covalent bond between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

peptide

question 14 define and differentiate in charge and location of the proton, neutron, and electron

proton: charge = positive; location = inside nucleus neutron: charge = neutral; location = inside nucleus electron: charge = negative; location = outer shells of nucleus

question 83 know the reactants and products of the Calvin (C3) Cycle

reactants: ATP, NADPH, CO2, and PEP products: ADP, NADP, glucose or RubP to keep cycle going

question 91 What 2 things are required for secondary active transport to occur? What are the 2 types of secondary active transport?

required: ECG and a protein pump 2 types: a. cotransport: move molecules in same direction (uses a symporter) b. countertransport: move molecules in opposite direction (uses an antiporter)

question 60 match the codon up with its correct anticodon

use codon table on the test

question 73 know the difference between vitamins and minerals

vitamins = organic molecules, coenzymes minerals = atoms/inorganic molecules, cofactors

question 89 know what happens to plant and animal cell when placed in an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution

•Isotonic Solutions -Solute and water concentrations are equal on both sides of membrane -Same amount of H2O goes into as out of the cell -No net gain or loss of water by the cell •Hypotonic Solutions -Concentration of solute in the solution is lower than inside the cell - H2O can rush into cell -Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell •Causes turgor pressure in plants •May cause animal cells to lyse (rupture) •Hypertonic Solutions -Concentration of solute is higher in the solution than inside the cell -H2O can rush out of a cell -Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink •Crenation in animal cells •Plasmolysis in plant cells

question 28 define and differentiate between diploid and haploid; in terms definition, symbol, and type of cell division

•Diploid symbolized by (2n) -number is the two of chromosomes (pair) of each type in a cell associated with Somatic Cell Division -"full set of chromosomes" •Haploid symbolized by (n) -number is the one of chromosomes of each type in a cell associated with Reproductive Cell Division -"half of a set of chromosomes"

question 6 characteristics of organisms in Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

•Domain Archaea -Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments •Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus. •Domain Bacteria -Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments •Domain Eukarya -Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes •Eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

question 45 define and differentiate between euchromatin and heterochromatin

•Heterochromatin (75% of chromatin) "filler DNA" controls euchromatin •Euchromatin (25% of chromatin) "good DNA" codes for genes

question 8 function of the following nucleus structures: 1. nuclear envelope; 2. nuclear pore; 3. nucleoplasm; 4. nucleolus; 5. chromatin

•The Nucleus -Command center of cell, usually near center -Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope •Consists of double layer of membrane •Nuclear porespermit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm -Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm •Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins •Condenses to form chromosomes -Chromosomes are formed during cell division -Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA •Produces subunits of ribosomes