Cell compounds and biological molecules ch. 2 & 3

Functions of RNA?

1. Makes a copy of DNA and takes this copy to ribosomes where the protein is made (mRNA or messenger RNA) 2. t RNA or transfer RNA takes amino acids to the ribosomes so they can be joined together to make proteins. 3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) make up part of the ribosomes.

What are some ways to create diversity in hydrocarbons?

1. Vary the length of the carbon chain 2. Add branches to the carbon chain 3. Create ring structures with the carbon chain 4. add functional groups to the carbon chain.

What causes denaturation of proteins?

1. Wrong pH 2. High temperature 3. Wrong salinity (salt levels) 4. Heavy metals (lead, mercury)

What types of cell work require ATP?

1. to synthesize macromolecules (eg proteins and carbohydrates) 2. for mechanical work such as muscle contraction or moving organelles. 3. to actively transport molecules across a cell membrane.

What happens when 2 glucose (monosaccharides) molecules join together?

2 glucose molecules will join together through the process of dehydration synthesis to form Maltose (a disaccharide).

Fats?

A lipid molecule that is used for energy storage, warmth and some protection.

Hydrocarbon?

A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen?

Cellulose?

A polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plant cells. It gives the cells structure and support. It is made up of a chain of glucose molecules with NO branches. Humans can't digest cellulose, but we still need to eat it as it keeps our digestive tract working well.

Endergonic reaction?

A reaction in which energy is absorbed.

Exergonic reaction?

A reaction in which energy is released

Glucose?

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a six sided ring structure. It provides plants and animals with energy.

Function of ATP?

ATP = adenosine triphosphate. It is an energy molecule in living organisms.

ATP?

ATP is a special nucleotide that acts as the energy currency of the cell. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate is composed of the nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phophate groups.

Where is the energy in ATP?

ATP stores energy in the bonds of the phophate groups.

4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

4 Nitrogenous bases in RNA?

Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

Complementary base pairing in DNA?

Complementary bases join together on either side of the DNA strand. A always with T G always with C

Monomers of phospholipids?

Contain a glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

Deoxyribose versus Ribose sugar?

Deoxyribose is the sugar molecules found in DNA. They have one less oxygen than ribose sugar which is found in RNA.

Structure of DNA?

Double helix. It is made of two strands (double) of nucleotides that are held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs, and they are twisted in a helix shape.

Is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic?

Exergonic, because energy is released.

Formula for Glucose and empirical formula?

Formula: C6H12O6 Empirical formula (simplest formula): CH2O

What happens when the monosaccharides glucose and fructose molecules join together?

Glucose and fructose molecules join together through the process of dhydration synthesis to form Sucrose (a disaccharide).

Function of DNA?

Has the code for making all proteins in our cells. It is like a recipe book.

Give an example of a protein that has quaternary structure?

Hemoglobin, which is the molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

What holds the complementary base pairs together?

Hydrogen bonds.

Where in animals does glycogen get stored?

In muscles and liver.

Where in cells are phospholipid molecules found?

In the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

What are the factors that distinguish inorganic constituents from organic constituents?

Inorganic: - Do not contain carbon backbone -raw materials obtained from the environment usually have high melting and boiling points - make up a small percentage of a living organism Organic: - Always contain carbon - manufactured by living organisms or are part of a living organism -usually melt, boil or combust at low temperature -forma a large proportion of the dry weight of living organisms.

Phospholipids?

Lipid molecule that makes up the cell membrane of cells and thus regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

Steroids?

Lipids with a distinctive 4 ring structure. Cholesterol is the starting steroid and others are created by adding different functional groups to this structure. Steroids often function as hormones in our body (eg. testosterone).

Glycerol?

Monomer of fat that contains 3 carbon atoms in a chain.

Fatty acid chain?

Monomer of fats that contains a long chain of carbon atoms.

Amino Acid?

Monomer that makes up proteins. They have 3 distinct parts: an amino group, an R group, and a carboxyl group.

Monosacahride?

Monosacharide is a simple sugar, the simplest carbohydrate. "Mono" means one and "sacharide" means sugar.

Quaternary structure?

More than one polypeptide chain stuck together to make a protein. These are help together by R group interactions.

Alpha glucose in starch.

Notice that Alpha glucose causes starch to have OH molecules all on one side.

Beta glucose in cellulose.

Notice that Beta glucose causes cellulose to have OH molecules on alternating sides.

Carbohydrate?

Organic chemical compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. In general they provide energy for organisms. They are made up of simple sugars.

Nucleic acids?

Organic molecules composed of nucleotide molecules. They include DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Lipids?

Organic molecules that are hydrophobic and thus non-polar. They include fats, phospholipids and steroids.

What type of bond is found between amino acids in a protein?

Peptide bond formed through the process of dehydration synthesis.

Polymers?

Polymers are made up of many smaller repeating subunits called monomers.

Polysaccharide?

Polymers formed by joining together many monosaccharides. For example many glucose molecules can join together to form the polysaccharides starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Summary of the bonds that hold together primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure in proteins?

Primary - peptide bonds Secondary - hydrogen bonds tertiary - hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Quaternary-R group interactions

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

Proteins?

Proteins are polymers made of long chains of amino acids.

Functions of proteins?

Proteins have many many different functions: 1. Structural -- eg. for hair, feathers, making fibers for spider webs. 2. Storage of amino acids -- eg in egg white for developing embryo. 3. make up some hormones 4. make up enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions 5. used for defense system in attacking bacteria and viruses

Differences between DNA and RNA?

RNA versus DNA RNA - Single strand DNA-Double strand RNA-uracil DNA-thymine RNA-ribose sugar DNA-deoxyribose sugar RNA-shorter DNA-longer

Starch and Glycogen

STARCH: A polysaccharide found in plants used for energy storage. It is made up of a chain of glucose molecules that has SOME branches. GLYCOGEN: A polysaccharide found in animals used for energy storage. It is made up of a chain of glucose molecules that have MANY branches.

Saturated and Unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats: Contain fatty acid chains with no double bonds thus cannot accept more Hydrogen ions. These are animal fats and are solid and room temperature. Unsaturated fats: Contain fatty acid chain WITH double bonds thus they are not fully saturated with hydrogen ions. These are plant fats and are liquid at room temperature.

Monomer for Carbohydrates?

Simple sugars (monosacharides) are the monomers for carbohydrates. For example: Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Functional group?

Small groups that are added on to basic carbon skeletons. Each functional group has certain chemical characteristics that change the nature of the hydrocarbon.

Monomer?

Small organic subunits that join together to form larger molecules called polymers.

What forms the two sides or back bones of the molecule?

Sugar and phosphate groups.

How is the energy in ATP released?

The energy between the bonds in ATP is released when the molecule in hydrolyzed to form ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and phospate.

Tertiary structure?

The final 3 dimensional shape of a protein. Tertiary structure is held in place by 4 types of bond: 1. Hydrogen bonds 2. Ionic bonds 3. disulphide bonds 4. Hydrophobic interactions.

Are phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

The head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic.

Nucleotide?

The monomer of nucleic acids. They are composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Monomers of fats?

The monomers in fats are one glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains.

How do proteins differ from each other?

The number and sequence of R groups in the protein.

Dehydration synthesis?

The process in which monomers join together to form longer chains. During this process a water molecule is lost (dehydration) and a chain is created (synthesis).

Hydrolysis?

The process in which polymers gain a water molecule (hydro) to break apart (lysis) a monomer from the polymer.

Primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids in protein which is held together by peptide bonds.

Organic Chemistry?

The study of organic (living) compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.

What is the R group on an amino acid?

There are 20 different R groups that create 20 different amino acids. The R group is a functional group attached to the amino acid. The different R group makes the amino acids different.

Alpha and Beta glucose?

There are two forms (two isomers) of glucose, Alpha and beta. Chains of alpha glucose make up starch and chains of beta glucose make up cellulose.

Disaccharide?

When 2 monomers join together they form a disaccharide. "Di" means 2 and "saccharide" means sugar.

How do fats form?

When 3 fatty acid chains attach to a glycerol molecule through the process of dehydration synthesis a fat molecule is formed.

Why is it a problem if proteins become denatured?

When proteins become denatured they do not work properly because their 3 dimensional shape has been disrupted.

Secondary structure of a protein?

When proteins have an alpha helix or pleated sheet structure. These structures are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Denaturation of a protein?

When the tertiary structure of a protein is disrupted.