Cell organelles and parts

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Slides: •Assembles parts of cell membrane and modifies proteins •Transports proteins from nucleus to Golgi Apparatus ("the highway system") •Doesn't have ribosomes attached Google: •composed of a greatly convoluted but flattish sealed sack •Involved with the production, folding, quality, control, and dispatch of some proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Slides: •Has no ribosomes attached •Assembles parts of cell membrane and modifies proteins •Transports proteins from nucleus to Golgi Apparatus ("the highway system") Google: •Is more tubular than rough •Forms a separate sealed interconnecting network •Fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Slides: •One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. •Makes or synthesizes proteins •Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Google: •Typically ribosomes are composed of two sub units: large and small •The sub units of the ribosomes are synthesized by the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus

•"the mailman" •modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and sends them out to the cell •modifies proteins by attaching carbohydrates and lipids •absorbs the vesicle from the ER

Membrane

•Biolayer •Found in all layers of cells •Selective permeable layer •Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

•Rigid walls •gives cell support •NOT in animal cells •found on outside of cell •made from cellulose •permits cell to hold shape

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

•assembles parts of a cell membrane and modifies proteins •transports proteins from nucleus- Golgi •has ribosomes attached •involved with production and dispatch of proteins

Centrioles

•cell division •animal cells only •made of groups of microtubules •all animals cells have one

Lysosomes

•contains enzymes to break down materials in the cells •breaks down old cell parts •go to work when the cell absorbs food •will digest cell organelles for nutrients

Nucleus

•controls cells •holds DNA and the copied instructions for making proteins and other important molecules •double membrane-bound organelle •provides functional compartmentalization inside the cell, allowing higher levels of gene regulation

Mitochondria

•converts energy from food into high energy •compounds the cell can use •breaks down sugar to make energy •has a double membrane •can combine to become larger

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

•has no ribosomes attached •assembles parts of cell membrane and modifies proteins •transports proteins from nucleus to Golgi •more tubular than rough ER •forms a seperate, sealed network

Nucleolus

•largest structure in the nucleus of the Eukaryotic cells, where it serves as the site of ribosome assembly •Nucleoli also have other important functions like the assembly of signal recognition particles and playing a role in the cell's response to stress •Made of proteins and RNA •Malfunctions can be the cause of several human diseases

Cytoskeleton

•maintains cell shape •involved in movement •found in all cells •made of microtubules

Cytoplasm

•material inside the cell membrane in which all cells reside •thick solution fills each cell •mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins •in Eukaryotes all materials inside cell and outside nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

•membrane surrounding the nucleus •has small holes (nuclear pores) that allows materials in and out of the nucleus •chromatin is inside it •surrounds nucleolus in Eukaryotic cells

Ribosomes

•most important job is making cells •synthesizes proteins •composed of 2 sub-units 1) Ribosomal RNA 2) Protein •sub-units are synthesized by the nucleolus

Cilia

•short, microscopic structure •helps cell move •Eukaryotic •motile vs. non-motile types

Flagella

•slender thread-like structure •helps the cell move •found in Eukaryotic cells in the form of sperm cells

Vacuoles

•stores water, food, and waste •very large in plant cells •small in animal cells •most of the plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles •sometimes the vacuole can take up more than half the plant cell

Pseudopod

•temporary protosion of the cell surface •for movement and feeding

Chloroplasts

•use energy to produce ATP •found in plant cells and some protists •1 of 3 types of plastids •filled with chlorophyll