Cell Structure and Function

New cells arise only from preexisting cells

According to the cell theory

Solar Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbohydrate + Oxygen

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by

The breakage of lysosomes result in release of digestive enzymes which self-digest and, therefore, alter the taste of the meat. None of the other organelles would destroy the cells of alter the taste.

Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. The most reasonable explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of

Nucleolus

Ribosomal RNA is produced in the

RNA and protein

Ribosomes are composed of

As cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate

Lysosomes

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids.

Mitochondria

The "powerhouse" of the cell is the

Specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on

Vacuole

The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.

Contains DNA enclosed within a membrane-bound compartment

The best way to identify a cell as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic is to determine whether it

The general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned.

The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that developed from a single cell but now contains many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then

All cells come only from other cells

The cell theory states

Lysosomes

The failure of which organelle during development result in a child born with webbed toes?

Contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.

The nucleolus

If it has a nucleus

The simplest way to distinguish a prokaryotic from a eukaryotic cell is to check

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Thylakoids and cristae are, respectively, structures of

Golgi Apparati

Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of

Ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER.

What evidence suggests that proteins are modified in the rough ER but not the smooth ER?

Its contents are digested.

When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?

Golgi Apparatus

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?

D. cell wall-regulate molecule passage in/out of animal cells

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and function? A. lysosome-intracellular digestion B. mitochondrion-cell respiration C. ribosome-production of proteins D. cell wall-regulate molecule passage in/out of animal cells E. vacuole-storage of chemicals

Prokaryotic, Archaea

A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?

E. groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group, sharing products of metabolism.

All of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes EXCEPT A. invagination of the plasma membrane to form endoplasmic reticulum. B. incorporation of engulfed heterotrophic bacteria to form mitochondria. C. incorporation of engulfed autotrophic cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts. D. a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and a prokaryote that was taken up but not destroyed. E. groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group, sharing products of metabolism.

A. prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall

An agent is a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic? A. prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall B. damages the nuclear membrane C. damages DNA D. prevents ribosomes from producing proteins E. stops cellular respiration

Are involved in cellular energy processing

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria

Need ATP for energy

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both

Mitochondrion

Cellular respiration is best associated with the

Are composed of microtubule triplets.

Centrioles

Flagella and Microtubules

Centrioles are the basic structure that form the cellular structures:

Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?

Lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell

Ribosomes

Considering that small differences in organelle structure are enough to give selective toxicity, which organelle would be a good target for an antibiotic without attacking your cells?

Synthesize proteins

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to

Ribosomes → Endoplasmic Reticulum → Golgi Apparatus

If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what is the correct sequence of organelles that are involved in the production of the protein?

The inner chloroplast membrane

If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?

The outer mitochondrial membrane

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

Cilia and Flagella

In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

In a microscope, you observe an organelle that consists of a series of flattened sacs and interconnected tubes and appears to be connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. What is the likely identity of this organelle?

A. muscles

In a person with a mitochondrial disease in which the mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would most likely be affected? A. muscles B. liver C. skin D. stomach E. ovaries/testes

The capsule

In moving from the outside to the inside of a bacterium, the first layer encountered is

Photosynthesis

In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for

Have mitochondria

In terms of basic structure, elephant cells and oak tree cells both

Mitochondrion

In which of the following cell organelles would you expect to find the biochemical reactions that harness energy from the breakdown of sugar molecules to synthesize large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Animals; Plants

Lysosomes of specialized vesicles in ____ that contain digestive enzymes for the breakdown of food. A related organelle known as a "vacuole," which is found in ____, also contains enzymes but, in addition, may act as a storage organelle for nutrients of water.

Form spindle fiber to move chromosomes in mitosis.

Microtubules

Cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells

Microtubules, motor proteins, and actin filaments are all part of the

Enzymes/Energy

Mitochondria inner-filled space is called the matrix, which contains ______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing _______________ to be used for ATP production.

Rough ER

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the

On ribosomes floating free in the cytoplasm

Proteins that are destined for a free-floating existence in the cytosol are made

C. ER-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and their structure? A. cell wall-cellulose fibers and lignin B. centriole-microtubules C. ER-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli D. plasma membrane-two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins

D. secretes the calcium for bone tissue

Which is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? A. maintains a cell's shape B. anchors organelles in place within a cell C. allows cell and its organelles to move D. secretes the calcium for bone tissue

Chromatin

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?

E. bacterium

Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? A. plant cell B. liver cell C. muscle cell D. paramecium E. bacterium

D. Lipids and proteins

Which of the following macromolecules can be found buried in the plasma membrane? A. Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids B. Proteins only C. Lipids only D. Lipids and proteins

C. Lysosome

Which of the following organelles would likely have the lowest pH? A. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) B. Nucleus C. Lysosome D. Mitochondrion

C. chromosomes

Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm? A. mitochondria B. chloroplast C. chromosomes D. nucleus E. lysosome

C. Vacuole

Which of the following structures is considered an organelle? A. Microtubule B. Cytosol C. Vacuole D. DNA

B. Eukaryotic Flagella

Which of the following structures produces motion through the action of filaments that "slide" or "walk" parallel to each other? A. Prokaryotic Flagella B. Eukaryotic Flagella C. Eukaryotic Intermediate Filaments D. Prokaryotic Cilia

B. Vesicles

Which of the following structures would you expect to find associated with motor proteins? A. Nuclear Pores B. Vesicles C. Ribosomes D. Plasma Membrane

A. vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.

Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then A. vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface. B. vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. C. the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system. D. the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs.

D. store toxic materials in the cell

Which of the following would not be a function of the peroxisomes? A. break down fats in the liver B. produce bile salts in the liver C. help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars D. store toxic materials in the cell

C. mitochondria-stroma

Which of these is mismatched? A. cilia-microtubules B. centrioles-spindle C. mitochondria-stroma D. lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes E. ribosomes-RNA

E. chloroplasts

Which of these is present in plant, but not animal, cells? A. nucleus B. centrioles C. cell membrane D. Golgi E. chloroplasts

Peroxisome

Which organelle primarily functions to package or regulate the production of H2O2?

Chloroplast

Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?

Mitochondria

Which organelle will use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water?

Plasma Membrane

Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?

A. Chloroplasts give off O2 when exposed to sunlight.

Which would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis? A. Chloroplasts give off O2 when exposed to sunlight. B. Plants that are green contain chloroplasts. C. Both plants and algae have chloroplasts. D. Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Nucleus

Within eukaryotic cells, the ____ is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis.