Cell Structure & Function - Providence Hall

How are plant cells different from animal cells?

Plant cells have Chloroplasts. Plant cells have a large central vacuole. Plant cells have a cell wall.

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic Cells & Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-covered organelles. Only bacteria have prokaryotic cells. Key Facts: Bacteria Only No Nucleus Organelles NOT membrane-covered DNA is bunched up in the center of the cell Much smaller than eukaryotic cells (about 10 times smaller)

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-covered organelles. All living things have eukaryotic cells EXCEPT for bacteria. Key Facts: All cells besides bacteria Nucleus Membrane-covered organelles DNA is found in the nucleus Much larger than eukaryotic cells (about 10 times larger)

Cytoplasm

A fluid mixture that contains the organelles and the compounds that the cell needs to survive (such as water, salts, enzymes) The cytoplasm includes everything found inside of the cell membrane except for the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of connected passageways in the cytoplasm that carry materials from one part of the cell to another. (Think of conveyor belts being used in these passageways/tunnels to transport the materials to many different locations.) P A

Cell Membrane

All cells have cell membranes. The membrane forms a boundary, separating the cell from it's environment. Food and oxygen enter through cell membrane. Waste exits through cell membrane. It controls what substances come into and out of a cell. (The cell membrane acts like a sieve or a window/door screen.) P A

What similarities do all cells share?

All cells have: A cell membrane Organelles Cytoplasm DNA

Lysosome

An organelle that contains enzymes (chemicals) that break down food particles and old cell parts and release the substances so they can be used again. They are like a clean-up crew that breaks down and sorts the garbage at a recycling center so it can be used again. A

What is the structure that makes up every LIVING thing?

Cell

What is cell sap?

Cell sap fills the large central vacuole of a plant cells. It is mostly made of water. (It also consists of some sugars, amino acids and ions.) When full of sap, the central vacuole helps give structure and rigidity to plant cells.

Nucleus

Directs all of the cell's activities, including reproduction. The cell's control center. (Think of it as the boss's office.) The nucleus is like the main office of a cookie factory or the main office of North Star Academy. P A

What are the main differences between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells: All cells besides bacteria Nucleus Membrane-covered organelles DNA is found in the nucleus Much larger than eukaryotic cells (about 10 times larger)

Nucleolus

Inside of Nucleus. Where Ribsomes are made. P A

Ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell. This is where protein is produced. They actually mix the ingredients together to make the protein that the cells need to function. (Think of them producing the actual cookies.) They would be like the mixing/baking room (kitchen) of a cookie factory. These organelles look pieces of grain. There are many of them located all throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. Some attach to the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) & others float in cytoplasm. P A

Mitochondria

Rod Shaped Organelles Most of the cell's energy is produced here. Converts energy in food to energy the cell can use. P A

Organelles

Smaller structures inside a cell that carry out specific functions inside the cell. (Think of them like a mini version of human organs, like the heart and lungs, that carry out specific functions inside our bodies.)

Vacuole

Stores water, food, waste. PLANTS HAVE ONE LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE. All plant cells have this. Watering a plant restores water in the central vacuoles. Only some animal cells have vacuoles, and they are small and have more than one The vacuole provides structural support for the plant cell when it is full (of water/cell sap). P A

Golgi Body

The Gogli Body is an organelle that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), packages them and sends them to other parts of the cell. It's job is to package and ship the materials. The Goglio Body acts like a mail/shipping room. In the cell, they look like flattened sacs and tubes. P A

What is cellulose?

The material (carbohydrate) that a plant's cell wall is made of.

Cell Wall

The outer layer of a plant cell that is made from cellulose and makes plant cells rigid. (It also gives them a box-like shape.) The cell wall can withstand high internal pressure. (such as when the plant's cells are filled with water) Animals do not have a cell wall. This is one way plant cells differ from animal cells. P

Mitochondria

The power plant of a cell. Produces most of the cell's energy.

Chloroplasts

These organelles exist in PLANT cells but not in animal cells. (This is one way plant cells differ from animal cells.) These organelles capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy that they store in molecules. This process is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. These organelles contain a pigment called chlorophyll. Makes leaves green. Chlor=green. P

Cytoskeleton

These organelles form a protein 'framework' inside the cells of ANIMALS that gives the cell its shape and provides strength. These organelles are made of protein fibers. (Think of them like the Steel beams and columns.) A

List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism.

a. cells b. tissues c. organ d. organ system