Cells Anatomy; Biology

celery kept in the fridge for several days become limp. Why?

because the central vacuoles lose water

Bacteria

cell size from 1-10 um, fatty acids in the cell membrane, nucleus absent

Archaea

cell size from 1-10 um, nonfatty acid lipids in the cell membrane, nucleus absent

whether bacteria or blue whale every organism is made of

cells

gap junctions

channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells

which organelle allows a plant to absorb light energy

chloroplasts

anchoring junctions

connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place

Select all of the following that are present in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

cytoplasm, DNA, RNA, ribosomes

The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules shown in the picture comprise the ___, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.

cytoskeleton

What is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions in the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell are called

enzymes

Key genetic sequences suggest that Archaea are more closely related to members of domain _________ than they are to members of the domain Bacteria.

eukarya

In some types of bacteria, appendages called ____ rotate like a propeller and allow movement forward or backwards.

flagellum

tight junctions

fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier

a protein channel between two animal cells which allows the flow of cytoplasm, ions, and nutrients, and small molecules

gap junction

The ________ is a series of flattened sacs which sorts and packages materials into vesicle to be sent to the cell membrane.

golgi apparatus

Which are examples of eukaryotic cells?

leaf cell from a rose plant green alge

These are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer

lipids o2 and co2 small nonpolar molecules

cell membrane

liquid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment

Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a ____.

mitochondrion

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.

nuclear envelope, gogli apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

In prokaryotic cells DNA congregates in an area called the

nucleoid

the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells includes many specialized compartments called

organelles

all cell are surrounded by cell membranes also called plasma membranes that separate the cytoplasm from the

outside environment

in certain plants, the green color is lacking in specific parts. For example, onion bulbs are yellow or white, but not green.

photosynthesis does not occur in these plant parts

The cell structure that manufactures proteins is called a

ribosome

proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the

rough endoplasmic reticuum

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in ____ endoplasmic reticulum.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome

structures that manufacture proteins

DNA

the cell's genetic information

In animal cells, cell junctions called ___ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.

tight

Plasmodesmata

tunnels for The exchange of substances between adjacent plant cells

Match the numbered arrow with the correct part of the mitochondrion.

1 - inner membrane 2 - outermembrane 3 - DNA in matrix 4-folds of inner membrane - cristae

put the following steps for making a protein that will be exported from the cell in order for a eukaryotic cell, beginning with the first step at the top of the list

1. In the nucleus, genes in the DNA that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messanger RNA (mRNA) 2. The mRNA exits the nucleus though ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle. 3.The mRNA binds to a ribosome of the rough ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle 4.The vesicle delivers the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell. 5.The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases he protein to the extracellular environment.

Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotic cells lack which structures?

A nucleus Membrane bound organelles

________ Living organisms are made up of cells.

All

Which statement is true about how cells arise?

All cells are formed by division of pre-existing cells.

Three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.

All organisms are made of one or more cells. the cell is the fundamental unit of all life. all cells originate from preexisting cells.

____ junctions connect adjacent animal cells by linking their intermediate filaments in one place, like "spot welds"

Anchoring

examples of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Mitochondria are found in which cell types?

Both plant and animal cells

What is the smallest unit of life that can function independently?

Cell

the ridge _______ ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape

Cell Wall

Which structures are found in most prokaryotic cells?

Cell Wall Cytoplasm Cell Membrane

What are the common characteristics of all eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

Eukarya

Cell size from 10-100 um, fatty acids in the cell membrane, nucleus present.

Based on organelles present, which plant, or plant structure, is most likely not photosynthetic?

Cells of an onion bud

what plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

Central vacuole

Plant Cell

Central vacuole present cell wall present

Which structure is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

Centrioles

Animal Cell

Centrioles present chloroplasts absent

What plant organele is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?

Chloroplast

Which structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplast cell wall central vacuole

What are the green, round structures visible in the Elodea cellss?

Chloroplasts

What is the name of the fluid substance contained within the cell?

Cytoplasm

In a cell, ___ is the genetic information of the cell, and RNA pays a role in the production of ___.

DNA; Proteins

If you did not know that Elodea is a plant, how would you know you are looking at plant cells?

Due to the chloroplasts

select all the roles that membranes play in cells

Enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells separate cytoplasm from the cell's surroundings receive and respond to external stimuli

Which cell type contains a nucleus?

Eukaryote

the cells of all plants animals and fungi are all

Eukaryotic

Which cell type has membrane-bounded organelles?

Eukaryotic cells

The cell wall opening in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ___ junctions in animal cells

Gap

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system

Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Nuclear envelope

in general, all photosynthetic structures of a plant body will by which color

Green

The portion of the phospholipid bilayer indiccated by the circle in the oicture is

Hydrophobic

What type of cytoskeleton filament is shown in the picture

Intermediate filament

What happens to turgor pressure when the central vacuole fills with ater?

It increases

Select all of the following that differ between domains bacteria and archaes.

Membrane Lipids Evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes

Which of the folloing is a membrande-bound organelle that produces most of the ATP generated in plant and animal cells?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following organelles are found in both animal and plant cells?

Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

Where is the cell wall located in a plant cell?

On the outside of the cell membrane

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ___, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.

Phospholipid

As you look at cells from an unknown source under a microscope, you notice many chloroplasts within them. This indicated hat these cells are:

Photosynthetic

A cell wall is found in ____ cells.

Plant

A cell wall is found in _____.

Plant

The central vacuole is present in ____ cells.

Plant

Which cell type has a cell wall?

Plant cells Prokaryotes

Cytoplasm can flow between adjacent plant cells through special opnings in the cell wall called

Plasmodesmata

In which cell type is a nucleus not present?

Prokaryote

Most prokaryotes are single celled organisms, while many eukaryotes are multicellular. What does this suggest about these cell types?

Prokaryotes carry out all life functions within a single cell, while in multicellular eukaryotic organisms there is divison of the labor between cells

How is a prokaryotic cell different from an eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic lack a nucleus

Ribosome on the rough ER

Proteins become part of the cell membrane or are secreted from the cell

Free-floating ribosome

Proteins remain in the cell cytosol

Which characteristics are common to all cells are some point in development?

Ribosomes Cytoplasm The cell membranes DNA

Proteins destined for transport to specific cellular locations or for secretion are synthesized by ribisomes located on the surface of the ___.

Rough ER

Which organelle is associated with lipid biosynthesis?

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

Structural support

In a plant cell, ,where is the cell membrane located?

Surrounding the cytoplasm

which organelle is involved in the packaging of proteins for secretion

The Golgi

What structure separates the internal environment of cells from the external environment?

The cell membrane

How do central vacuole help plant cells stay rigid?

The fluid in them exerts turgor* pressure

Human skin, maple leaves, mushrooms, and bacteria all share one characteristic. Which?

They are all composed of one or more cells

What is the function of the chloroplast?

To produce carbohydrates (sugars)

Almost all cells have a small size that is less than 0.1 mm in diameter

True

Higher animals have skeletons that provide rigid support to the body. Plant cells use...

Turgor pressure and cell walls

In a plant cell, where is the central vacuole located?

Within the cytoplasm

Proteins on the surfaces of cell membranes which enable cells to stick to other cells are called _______ proteins.

adhesion

Functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell

aids cell division structural support transportation

cytoplasm

all cell contents except the nucleus