Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Test

NAD+

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis

oxygen is used to produce how much ATP in the electron transport chain

36

after glycolysis and the Krebs cycle how much ATP has been produced?

4

two main types of fermentation.

Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.

What are two ways your body automatically responds to a lack of oxygen?

Breathing faster and your heart beating faster.

chemical equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

In what part of cellular respiration is water a waste product?

During the electron transport chain

products of alcoholic fermentation

Ethanol alcohol, CO2, NAD+

Why is lactic acid fermentation useful for short bursts of energy but not for meeting a long-term energy demand, such as running a marathon?

For short, quick bursts of energy the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation. However, this process builds up an "oxygen debt" in the body and requires removing lactic acid by a chemical pathway that needs oxygen. For long-term energy demands, cellular respiration can release energy slowly and steadily while oxygen is supplied efficiently to the muscles.

ATP produced in three steps of cellular respiration.

In glycolysis 2 ATP are produced, Krebs cycle 2 more, and in the electron transport chain the most are produced 32.

Fermentation

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP.

What stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain

If someone is exercising for weight control how long must they exercise and why?

More then 20 minutes to start to burn "fat"

What does glycolysis supply to the electron transport chain

NADH (electrons)

what is transferred from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

NADH and FADH2

Why do all organisms need food?

Organisms get the energy they need for their life processes from food.

Photosynthesis and cell respiration have the opposite effect on gases in the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releases oxygen. Cell respiration takes up oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon dioxide.

What does glycolysis supply to the Krebs cycle?

Pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid is the final product of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration. Why is pyruvic acid never the end product of fermentation?

Pyruvic acid is the beginning reactant of fermentation. Pyruvic acid is not the end product of fermentation because this would require converting NAD+ back to NADH, which would defeat the purpose of fermentation.

An olympic sprinter has just broken the world record for the 100-meter dash. Which process will her body likely use to recover from her "oxygen debt"?

She will require several minutes of heavy breathing. The accumulated lactic acid in her muscles and bloodstream need to be removed by a pathway that requires oxygen.

Why do runners breathe heavy after a sprint race?

Sprinting relies on the fermentation pathway to supply the necessary energy for the sprint, but the process builds up lactic acid as a by product. The extra oxygen needed to remove the lactic acid is obtained by breathing heavily for a few minutes after the sprint.

How do the chemical equations of photosynthesis and cell respiration compare?

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cell respiration and vice versa.

Why is breathing required?

The reactants of cell respiration are glucose and oxygen. You breathe to obtain oxygen to be used in the electron transport chain.

What does breathing have to do with cellular respiration?

When you breathe you inhale oxygen and exhale co2 and breathing provides the necessary oxygen molecules for the process of cellular respiration to take place;

"c"

a single calorie which is the amount of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are

aerobic

cellular respiration

aerobic

Glycolysis is

anaerobic

fermentation

anaerobic

lactic acid fermentation

anaerobic process using pyruvic acid that breaks down carbohydrates and supplies energy when oxygen is scarce and produces lactic acid

alcholic fermentation

anaerobic process whereby enzymes break down glucose into ethanol and CO2 and transfer energy to ATP.

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and energy

first 20 minutes of exercise

cellular respiration

Foods produced using lactic acid fermentation

cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, sauerkraut, kimchi

in the Krebs cycle pyruvic acid is broken down into

co2

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

fermentation happens in the

cytoplasm

glycolysis happens in the

cytoplasm

Anaerobic

does not require oxygen

the first stage of cellular respiration

doesn't require oxygen

anaerobic respiration

fermentation

Where does the glucose for cellular respiration come from?

food

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

3 stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

importance of NAD+ in fermentation

it allows glycolysis to continue

What is the point of producing NAD+?

it allows glycolysis to continue happening so that some ATP can be produced even though oxygen is not available.

Capital "C"

kilocalories

products of lactic acid fermentation

lactic acid and NAD+

First 90 seconds of a sprint

lactic acid fermentation

cellular respiration happens in the

mitochondria

the furnace for making energy

mitochondria

cellular respiration happens in

plants and animals

What does breathing hard during after exercise have to do with cellular respiration?

provides oxygen to your cells

Reactants of Alcoholic Fermentation

pyruvic acid and NADH

Reactants of lactic acid fermentation

pyruvic acid and NADH

purpose of cellular respiration

release energy

aerobic

requires oxygen

First few seconds of exercise

stored ATP is used and broken down for energy

after 20 minutes of exercise

the body breaks down stored molecules (fat)

lactic acid build up in muscles is caused when

there's not enough oxygen in the muscles to break down glucose

lactic acid fermentation is useful for short bursts of energy but not long ones because

they depend on muscles to produce maximum effort and the oxidative pathways of respiration can't supply the ATP they need quickly enough.

When you exercise why do you breath harder?

to make up for the increased need of oxygen that is required for your body to release energy.

Bromothymol Blue indicator

used to determine CO2 amount in a solution, yellow=high CO2 and blue=low CO2

Waste product of the electron transport chain

water