Ceramics and Pottery

Delft blue daybreak

A design which was the basis of one of the british airway's ethnic tailfins

slip

A thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay and water into which the ware is dipped, dried then fired.

petuntse

AKA China stone. Less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material.

Glazed State

After the ware has been covered with the glaze and has undergone a second firing. It is basically done to make wares impermeable to water and other liquids, making them sanitary. enamel or other decorations are applied over the glaze, the ware is Subjected to another firing, but at a comparatively lower heat in the enamel kiln

Storage Jars

Amphora Neck Amphora Pelike

Passeri

An Italian antiquary distinction, claims the discovery of the ware for Pesaro. Affixed the date 1492 to the introduction of Majolica ware.

cloisonne

An ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. Soldering or adhering silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges.

decalcomania

Art of transferring designs from a specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface

The Biscuit State

Bisque, which is a term literally meaning "half-baked". When the ware has undergone a preliminary low range firing through an oven or a kiln. It is any pottery that has been fired without a ceramic glaze

delft ware

Blue and white Dutch pottery in the 16th Century.

stoneware

Clays with a higher percentage of sand, fired at 1200-1280 °C. Usually vitrified and impermeable.

Bowls for mixing wine and water

Column Krater Volute Krater Calyx Krater Bell Krater

a tulipano

Design featuring a central, stylized red tulip with surrounding flowers

a galletto

Design of Chinese origin consisting of two fighting cocks

kantharos

Drinking cup

kylix

Drinking cup

Saint-Porchaire ware

Earliest very high quality French pottery. It is white faience ware that was made for a restricted French clientele from the 1520s to the 1540s. Its style clearly showed the influence of the Fontainebleau School of Mannerist decor, which introduced the Italian Renaissance to France. Henri II ware

protoporcelain

Early vitreous wares produced by the Chinese.

Sevres factory

Factory flourished because of its constant innovation. It was backed by Louis XV. Assumed leadership in Europe and continued to set standards for European porcelain production.

Black Figure Ware

Figures are painted black on a red background

White Ground Ware

Figures are painted either red or black on a white background.

Soft porcelain

Fired below 2300°F. Imitation porcelain.

bone china

Fired twice, at 2760°F and at 2475°F. A white, hard translucent ceramic ware that is usually glazed.

Italian Ceramics

First instance in which a recognized school of art occurs in Italy- given it a value not inferior to canvasses and frescoes of the same period

Capodimonte porcelain

Founded by Charles III in Naples, Italy. Made in direct emulation of Meissen porcelain. Characterized by a pronounced creamy color and an unusually glossy clear glaze. Famous for its moulded figurines and its decorative modelled flowers applied to cups and vases.

Mennecy factory

French factory founded by Francois Barbin in the town of Villeroy. Produced utilitarian ware of considerable originality and naïve charm.

Vincennes factory

French soft-paste porcelain factory established in 1740. Developed a superior soft-paste body which was whiter and freer of imperfections. Eventually moved to Sevres.

glaze

Glaze is a mixture of chemicals, mostly silica, the major component of glass, clay, a melting agent, water, colorants and a suspension agent allowing the chemicals to stick together and not separate like oil and water. It may be applied by dusting the unfired composition over the ware, or by spraying. dipping, trailing or brushing on a thin slurry.

Lucca Della Robia

Goldsmith and sculptor who discovered the use of *stanniferous enamel*, the hardest glaze then in use. Credited to the one to raise production of majolica from a craft to high art.

Francesco de Medici

Grand duke of Tuscany who produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in the 16th century.

Nicola Pellipario

Greatest istoriato painter who decorated Castel Durante and Urbino wares His palette is soft and harmonious, and his subjects, drawn chiefly from Ovid and Lucian, are lyrically rendered.

Clay State

Greenware. This is the stage where in the ware is formed but hasn't gone under firing. They are very brittle and fragile, but they can be handled with care. At sufficient moisture content, bodies at this stage are in their most plastic form, thus they are soft and malleable and can easily be deformed by handling. Greenware items are often sanded with fine grades and paper to ensure a smooth finish in the completed item.

Water Jugs

Hydria/Kalpis

terre de pipe

Its pure whiteness and fineness affording excellent qualities which went far towards perfecting the French styles of decoration.

porcelain

Kaolin plus decayed granite and fired at 1280 to 1400 °C. Feldspathic material in a fusible state incorporated in a stoneware composition. Hardest ceramic product.

Master Giorgio Andreoli

Known to have *perfected the luster technique*.

Oil Flasks

Lekythos Aryballos

bianchi di Faenza

Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza

earthenware

Natural clays fired at 900 to 1200 °C. Soft pottery. Also the oldest and most universal. Porous and opaque.

aryballos

Oil flask

lekythos

Oil flask

Wine Jugs

Oinochoe OinochoDus

De Koninklijke Poreceleyne Fles

Only remaining original producer of Dutch delftware. Means Royal Porcelain Jar

Painted

Painted painting on pottery has been used since early Prehistoric times, and they can be very elaborate. Many pigments change color when fired and upon application of the glaze, so the painter must allow for this to happen.

Doccia ware

Porcelain produced at a factory near Florence founded by Marchese Carlo Ginori in 1735. Principal feature: Admirable imitation of majolica and successful reproduction of the bas reliefs of Della Robia Three decorative themes distinguish this ware: the *a galletto* design, of Chinese origin, consisting of two fighting cocks; the *a tulipano pattern*, a central, stylized red tulip with surrounding flowers; and a range of polychrome or white-figured reliefs of mythological subjects often erroneously named Capodimonte

Drinking Cups

Skyphos Kylix

Chantilly factory

Soft-paste factory in France established by *Louis Henry*, the duc de Bourbon.

Wine or water container

Stamnos

amphora

Storage jar

neck amphora

Storage jar

pelike

Storage jar; Distinctive "sagging belly"

stamnos

Storage of liquids

alabastron

Storage of oil/perfume

istoriato style

Style of pottery decoration, originating about 1500 in Faenza, Italy, and popular throughout the 16th century, in which paintings comparable in seriousness to Italian Renaissance easel paintings were applied to maiolica ware

Bernard Palissy

Succeeded in producing a widely imitated pottery, admired for smooth glazes in richly colored enamels. He was appointed as royal potter to Catherine de Medici reproducing scriptural and mythological subject in low relief and for his rustic pieces decorated with sharply modeled forms copied from nature.

sgrafitto

The term come from the ltalian graffiare, meaning to scratch. Designs that are drawn with a pointed tool that scratched through the slip to reveal the body

column krater

They ranged in size from 35 centimetres (14 in) to 56 centimetres (22 in) in height and were usually thrown in three pieces: the body/ shoulder area was one, the base another, and the neck/ lip/ rim a third. The handles were pulled separately.

Tin Glaze

This basically a lead glaze, but with added tin oxide, making it white, shiny and opaque. It is basically used for earthenware. This provides background for brightly painted decoration. It has been important in Islamic and European pottery, but very little used in Asia. The decoration is usually applied to the 'unfired glaze surface by brush with metallic Oxides. The makers of Italian tin-glazed pottery from the late Renaissance blended oxides to produce detailed and realistic polychrome paintings.

skyphos

Two-handled deep wine-cup on a low flanged base or none

lebes gamikos

Used in marriage rites to hold water

loutrophoros

Used to "help" hold water during marriage and funeral rituals, and was placed in the tombs of the unmarried.

Tin Oxide

White powder

true porcelain

White vitreous ware.

psykter

Wine cooler/storage

Salt Glaze

a traditional form of glaze, high-firing and usually used on stoneware. This is where common salt Is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The high temperatures causes the salt to evaporate, depositing fit on the surface of the ware to react with the body to forma glaze. This results in a textured, granular surface. It originated in Germany in the 12 Century. In the 17"and 18h Centuries, it was Used in the manufacture of domestic pottery. Now, except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete.

ceramics

an inorganic, non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-metal compounds that have been shaped and hardened by heating to high temperatures., In general they are hard, Corrosion-resistant, and brittle

Lead Glaze

another traditional type of glaze, used for low-firing on earthenware. Plain lead glaze is shiny and transparent after firing. It gives a smooth glasslike finish that allows bright colors and decorative patterns to show through. There are also colored lead glazes that are often shiny or translucent and opaque after firing, and is often associated with rich or intense colors. The Romans used lead glazes for high quality oil lamps and drinking cups, but coarse lead glazed earthenware were universal in Medieval Europe and in Colonial America

Primitive Ceramics

archaeological evidence shows that primitive man first started to use ceramic sin a utilitarian sense. Vessels were fashioned made of hardened earth to serve as storage for grain and water. They are usually plain but later on have included patterns like the zigzag and the chevron.

Ash Glaze

ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as the flux. The Source of ash was generally the combustion waste from the fueling of kilns, although the potential of ash derived from crop wastes was possible. This type is of historical interest in the Far East although there are reports of small Scale use in other locations. Its use is now limited to small numbers of studio potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw material

Overglaze

colored decoration is applied over a fired transparent glaze. Then the object is fired a third time to set the decoration. Third firing is at a lower temperature than glost firing, allowing for a greater range of pigments

. In-glaze

commonly used in tin-glaze earthenware, colored decoration is applied over a dried but unfired opaque glaze. During glost firing, the color and the glaze fuse together thus creating a uniform surtace

Cupric Oxide

distinctive series of blues, and with excess carbon monoxide, yields a bluish red known as reduced copper

Red Figure Ware

figures are painted red on black background

Hard porcelain

fired between 2390-2570 degrees Fahrenheit. Considered the best kind of porcelain, and usually called "true porcelain", it 1S made of kaolin, whose glaze Was also feldspathic and fired in one with the body, whose fusion resulted in perfection of the surface.

Cobalt Oxide

grayish blue to pure sapphire, widely used in East Asia and Europe for blue-and-white Porcelain wares

Feldspathic Glaze

it is a high-firing glaze which uses feldspars as base, more often than not, Petuntse. Feldspars are a good base for glazes, Since they contain the right proportion of 'glass' materials, flux, and melting agents. Thus, only small amounts of other materials are needed to improve the color and the melt of the glaze. These fuse only at high temperatures that is why they are only Used in glazes for Stoneware and Porcelain. This type create a hard, glossy, and transparent surface

Bone dry

it is a term used to identify Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before it has gone through its first firing. When held, this feels to be at room temperature, and not cool to the touch, since coolness indicates that evaporation is still taking place Greenware at this stage is extremely brittle and will break apart very easily. It should be handled as little as possible and great care must be taken when loading it into the kiln.

Alkaline Glaze

it is low-high fining depending on the alkaline flux, such as borax, potash, or soda ash. Although frequently transparent, this can produce brilliant colors, such as Egyptian blue, using low temperature firing. However, the alkali materials are often hygroscopic resulting in lumpy, poorly dispersed suspensions. In addition, if the composition contains too much alkali, the glaze become susceptible to crazing, that is why is commonly used for crackle glazes and even on Japanese Raku ware

Terra Sigillata

means' sealed earth, comes from the name of a type of Roman pottery that was mass produced around the 15 Century AD.

Bisquit Porcelain

otherwise known as Bisque Porcelain, is unglazed white porcelain that is treated as a final product, with a matte appearance and texture to the touch. It has been widely Used in European pottery, mainly for sculptural and decorative objects that are not tableware and so do not need a glaze for protection.

Coloring

oxides were used to create colored glazes.

Ferric Iron Oxide

pale yellow to black, with the most important being a slightly orange red, known as Iron Red.

keramos

potter's clay

Keramicos

pottery

Egyptian Ceramic

pottery in Ancient Egypt served a different purpose other than as containers for practical or domestic items. They are used in ritualistic rites that are geared towards the burial ceremony. Clothes, shoes, and other favorite items of the deceased are usually placed in earthenware and buried together with the body because the Egyptians believed that these items will be needed in the afterlife.

Cuprous Oxide

series of greens

Lithographed

this is a printing process based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. This process systematically treats the surface, so the the image areas will accept the oily ink, while the non-image or blank areas are treated to repel the ink.

Leatherhard

this refers to a specific stage during the drying of the object. At this stage, the clay is still visibly damp but has dried enough to be able to be handled without deformation. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather hard stage

pottery

this, on the other hand, is the process of forming vessels and other artifacts with clay and other ceramic materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard, durable form. The production of ceramics is said to be the one of the most ancient arts and some pottery are primarily designed for utility and some for sheer decoration.

Majorca ware

tin-glazed earthenware, from Majorca

Manganese Oxide

varying from bright red purple to a dark purplish brown, almost black. Aubergine Purple of Chinese wares was derived from this.

Underglaze

where in colored decoration is applied to an unglazed body, and then covered with a transparent glaze. The glaze then seals the decoration during the glost firing. Colorsused are limited ,as certain pigments, known as grand feu colors, can with stans the high heat of the glost firing.

Antimony Oxide

yellow

Ferrous Iron Oxide

yields a type of green best seen on Chinese Celadon wares.