ch. 1 + 2

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? a. the anonymity of the peer reviewers b. the frequency of publication c. the number of peer reviewers d. the possibility of rejection

a. the anonymity of the peer reviewers

falsifiabiltiy

a theory must lead to hypotheses that, when tested, could actually fail to support the theory

One of the reasons that research studies are superior to personal experience is that a. they include at least one comparison group b. an authority is involved c. they use confederates d. they avoid constants

a. they include at least one comparison group

confound

alternative outcomes; "confuse"

confederate

an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as a.the availability heuristic b. a confirmation bias c. a present/present bias. d. overconfidence.

b. a confirmation bias

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as a. translational research b. basic research c. empirical research d. applied research

b. basic research

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a. multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate b. hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate c. hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms d. theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate

b. hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a. behavioral research involves probability sampling b. inferences drawn from behavioral research are no expected to explain all cases c. behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates d. conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true

b. inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways? a. both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles b. new editions come out on a regular basis (usually monthly) c. Both are written for the general public d. Both tend to be written by scientists

b. new editions come out on a regular basis (usually monthly)

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flashcards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flashcards and got an A. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he got an A and did not use flashcards and the times he used flashcards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of a. the availibility heuristic b. asking biased questions c. a present/present bias d. cherry-picking evidence

c. a present/present bias

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? a. how well the general public will understand the study b. previous studies from the same research group c. how well the research was conducted d. the prestige/reputation of the author

c. how well the research was conducted

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? a. when they present all the evidence on a topic b. when they have a scientific degree c. when they based their opinions on their intuition d. when they have conducted scientific research on the topic

c. when they based their opinions on their intuition

meta-analysis

combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude or effect size of the relationship

comparison group

enables us to compare what would happen both with and without the thing we are interested in

empiricism

involves using evidence from the senses (sight, hearing, touch) or from instruments that assist the the senses (such as thermometers, timers, photographs, weight scales, and questionnaires) as the basis for conclusions

probabilistic

means that its findings are not expected to explain all cases all of the time

basic research

not intended to address a specific, practical problem; the goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge

review journal article

provide a summary of all the published studies that have been done in one research area

empirical journal article

report, for the first time, the results of an empirical research study

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

parsimony

simplicity

availability heuristic

states that things that pop up easily in our mind tend to guide our thinking

bias blind spot

the belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to the other biases

effect size

the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables

present/present bias

the name for our failure to consider appropriate comparison groups

confirmation bias

the tendency to look only at information that agrees with what we already believe

translational research

the use of lessons from basic research to develop and test applications to health care, psychotherapy, or other forms of treatment and intervention

evidence-based treatment

therapies that are supported by research