Ch 1

"food" is the general term for nutrients that ____

- provide raw materials for growth and repair of living matter - supply chemical energy that can be converted to a form cells can use

sequence of events that occurs when body temp drops below the control center set point

-body temp decreases -thermoreceptors transmit signals to the hypothalamus -Hypothalamus detects a negative deviation, sends signals to the effectors -skin blood vessels constrict, sweat glands are inactive -body temp increases back to the set point and body heat is conserved

name four components of the lymphatic system

-lymph nodes -thymus -spleen -lymphatic vessels

Molecules consist of microscopic particles called

Atoms

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

In living organisms, what is the smallest unit that carries out the basic functions of life?

Cells

Organelles are found within

Cells

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Which of the three factors affecting image quality is altered by the light source? - Contrast - Magnification - Resolution

Contrast, it can bee altered by light intensity and staining.

Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse that change and restore stability during _____

Negative feedback

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous wastes

what cavities have an associated serous membrane?

Pleural and abdominal

Indicate the three components of a homeostatic mechanism

Receptor, effector and control center

What is the advantage of starting with the 4x objective before moving to the 10x and then the 40x objective?

The field of view is larger, and it is easier to focus.

How do the coarse and fine focus knobs work on a brightfield microscope?

The focus knobs move the stage up and down, allowing the user to move the slide into focus.

Why should the fine focus knob typically be used with the 10x and 40x objective lenses?

The slide should be close to in focus after focusing at the 4x objective. Focusing with the coarse focus knob would result in too large a change in focus.

Physiology

The study of body function

Anatomy

The study of body structure

A group of cells organized into layers or other structures that has common function is called a(n)

Tissue

An organ is a group of two or more ______ that works together to perform a common function

Tissue

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

An example of a stimulus is

a specific change in the condition of the environment

ventral cavity

abdominal cavity, diaphragm, mediastinum, lungs

the forearm is the ______ region

antebrachial

The area anterior to the elbow is the _____ region of the body

antecubital

the sternal region is

anterior medial thorax

Lateral

away from the midline

the arm is the ______ region of the body

brachial

the digestive system functions to

break down food into particles small enough to absorb into the body

the term _____ region is another term for the abdominal region, or abdomen

celiac

the term ______ refers to the head region

cephalic

Movement

changing body position or moving internal parts

the term mental refers to the

chin

dorsal cavity

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, spinal cord, meninges

the term _____ refers to the elbow

cubital

the salivary glands, liver, and intestines are organs of the ______ system

digestive

the genital region contains the

external reproductive organs

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The fine adjustment knob on the microscope

fine-tunes the focus

in addition to water, the body needs ______ to provide for the necessary chemicals (nutrients)

food

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

______ is a product of metabolic reactions that also helps govern the rates of these reactions.

heat

A _______ mechanism is a self regulating control system that helps maintain some aspect of the internal environment

homeostatic

In a positive feedback mechanism, the presence of a substance _____

increases the production of that substance

Growth

increasing size without changing shape

the _____ region is the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

inguinal

the ______ environ. is the environ. within the body in which the cells live in

internal

Why is heat one of the requirements of an organisms' survival?

it helps govern the rates of these reactions

the lungs are _____ to the heart

lateral

The coarse adjustment knob on the microscope

locates the focus plane

prone

lying face down

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

the term that refers to the breasts is

mammary

_____ is the general term that refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in cells to obtain, release and use energy.

metabolism

Circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

An organism is a living thing composed of _____

organ system

the anterior side of the knee is the _____ region

patellar

the foot is referred to as the _____ region of the body

pedal

the area between the anus and the external reproductive organs is the _______ region of the body

perineal

the area behind the knee is the ____ region

popliteal

A structure, molecule, or cell that detects a stimulus is called a(n)

receptor

the subdivisions of the abdominal area are nine abdominal _____ and four abdominal ______

regions; quadrants

The control center compares input from a receptor with a(n) ______, the normal value for a condition

set point

superficial

surface

the pectoral region is

the anterior chest

the sural region is

the calf, or posterior lower leg

the crural region is

the leg

the lumbar region is

the lower back between ribs and pelvis

the occipital region is

the lower posterior region of the head

the acromial region is

the point of the shoulder

the sacral region is

the posterior region between the hip bones

the plantar region is

the sole of the foot

the diaphragm separates the ____ cavity from the _____ cavity

thoracic; abdominal

Why does the body need oxygen?

to release energy from food

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

____ are examples of molecules; ___ are examples of macromolecules

water and glucose; nucleic acids and lipids

The five environ. factors required for the maintenance of human life are

water, nutrients, oxygen, heat and pressure

What is an effector?

A cell or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus

What four structures are located in the axial portion of the body?

Abdominal region, neck, head, thoracic region