CH. 1 & 2 Psych 200 Introduction to Dev. Psychology

D

A ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair. A) dominant; recessive B) monogenic; polygenic C) polygenic; monogenic D) recessive; dominant

B

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach. A) longitudinal B) cross-sectional C) segmented D) developmental

A

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage. A) Erikson B) Skinner C) Bowlby D) Piaget

C

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods. A) information-processing theorists B) social cognitivists C) ethologists D) observational-learning theorists

D

According to the epigenetic view, development is A) influenced more by genetics at earlier ages, and environment at later ages. B) primarily due to heredity. C) a reflection of our species' evolutionary heritage. D) due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

B

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called A) meiosis. B) mitosis. C) osmosis. D) fertilization.

A

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development. A) eclectic theoretical orientation B) psychoanalytic C) behavioral and social cognitive D) ethological

A

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize A) continuity in development. B) psychosexual stages in development. C) stages in development. D) biology in development.

A, C, D, E, F

Environmental influences include which of the following? A) neighborhood B) behavioral adaptation C) parenting D) schooling E) viruses F) birth complications

C

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences. A) contextual B) normative age-graded C) normative history-graded D) nonnormative

A

Events that typically occur at the same age for most people, such as beginning school in early childhood, are known as ______ influences. A) normative age-graded B) normative history-graded C) contextual D) nonnormative

A

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it A) compares multiple cultures. B) has a researcher who is from a different culture than the participants. C) involves a diverse group of participants. D) encompasses all elements of a particular culture.

A

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it A) compares multiple cultures. B) involves a diverse group of participants. C) encompasses all elements of a particular culture. D) has a researcher who is from a different culture than the participants.

C

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely A) survey research. B) standardized testing. C) observational research. D) cross-sectional research.

A

In lifespan development, which term refers to the capacity for change? A) plasticity B) contextuality C) empiricism D) multidimensionality

A

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. That highlights the view that development is considered to be _______. A) lifelong B) cyclical C) multidirectional D) multidimensional

A

Julie has mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of A) middle childhood. B) early adulthood. C) adolescence. D) early childhood.

B

Life expectancy in the US is ______ years of age. A) 95 B) 79 C) 87 D) 62

Development

Life-span ________ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception.

False

Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood. True or False

Life-Span

Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called ______ development.

A

Mike lost a friend in a car crash during his senior year in high school. This would be considered a(n) _______ life event, because it made a major impact on Mike, but not everyone. A) nonnormative B) normative history-graded C) normative age-graded D) nonnormative history-graded

B

Normative history-graded influences are A) events that typically occur at the same age for most people. B) common to members of a particular generation. C) unusual occurrences that happen to individual people.

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in a real-world situation is a research method called _______ ________ .

D

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories. A) behavioral B) psychoanalytic C) ethological D) cognitive

C

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories. A) ethological B) psychoanalytic C) cognitive D) behavioral

C

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of A) genetics. B) experiences later in life. C) the unconscious. D) free will.

Bias

Research results from studies done with participants who are not from diverse cultures or ethnic groups have sometimes been applied to people who are from diverse cultures and ethnic groups. This is clearly a case of cultural and ethnic ______ .

early childhood

Sharon is 4 years old and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the period of _______ ________ development.

D

The ______ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years. A) prenatal B) early childhood or preschool C) adolescent D) middle and late childhood

Prenatal

The ______ period of development is the time from conception to birth.

Ethological

The ______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. (Watch your spelling!)

Toddler

The _________ period of development is a time of transition between infancy and early childhood.

C

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection. A) dominant B) adaptive C) natural D) adapted

Naturalistic

The observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as _______ observation. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

A

The prenatal period is the time from ______. A) conception to birth B) conception to when the fetus becomes viable C) the time the fetus is viable until birth D) conception to the second trimester of pregnancy

C

The prenatal period is the time from ______. A) conception to when the fetus becomes viable B) the time the fetus is viable until birth C) conception to birth D) conception to the second trimester of pregnancy

C

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called A) proteins. B) DNA. C) chromosomes. D) genes.

Continuity, Discontinuity

The three main issues that influence how we look at development are nature and nurture, _______ and _______ , and stability and change.

B

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years. A) 110 B) 122 C) 100 D) 135

False

True or False: Ethnicity encompasses nationality but not religion or language. True or False

Sonography

Ultrasound ______ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

B, C, E, F, G

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud? A) trusting B) genital C) oral D) identity E) latency F) phallic G) anal

A, B, C, E

What are the four ways of measuring age? A) social B) chronological C) biological D) philosophical E) psychological

D

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed? A) epigenetics B) environmental influences C) genotype-environment correlations D) heredity-environment correlations

A

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development? A) behavior genetics B) environment genetics C) biological genetics D) culture genetics

A, D, F

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development? (Choose every correct answer.) A) It is lifelong. B) It is non-contextual. C) It is unidimensional. D) It is multidimensional. E) It is static. F) It is multidirectional.

A, B, D

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Choose every correct answer.) A) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory B) Piaget's developmental theory C) Erikson's psychosocial theory D) information-processing theory

A, B, D

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility? A) the woman does not ovulate B) low sperm production C) ova lack motility D) blocked fallopian tubes

A, C

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply) A) It involves growth and change. B) It begins at birth. C) It occurs throughout life. D) It ends once one enters late adulthood.

A, B

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply) It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change. It begins at birth. It ends once one enters late adulthood.

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs? A) correlational research B) standardized research C) experimental research D) descriptive research

A, B, C

Which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development? Select all that apply: A) Nature and nurture B) Stability and change C) Continuity and discontinuity D) Preoperational thinking and formal thought

A, C, D

Which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development? Select all that apply: A) Stability and change B) Preoperational thinking and formal thought C) Nature and nurture D) Continuity and discontinuity

B, C

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? A) Developmental stages must be passed through without overgratification in order to avoid fixations. B) Developmental stages are characterized by developmental tasks that must be resolved. C) Developmental stages are turning points marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. D) Developmental stages need to generate severe disequilibrium in order to move to the next stage.

D

Which period of development would a 2.5-year-old be in? A) early childhood B) terrible twos C) infancy D) toddler period

D

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors? A) cognitive psychology B) adaption psychology C) social psychology D) evolutionary psychology

B

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE? A) In the 20th century, human life expectancy increased by 50+ years in the United States. B) The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. C) The maximum life span is 100 years. D) The upper boundary of the human life span is based on the average age to which people live.

C

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research? A) Genes have a far lesser influence on human development than previously thought. B) Of the different types of genotype-environment correlations, evocative ones are the most powerful. C) Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account. D) Most human behavior can be explained by looking at natural selection in our species' past.

D

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems? A) Lorenz B) Erikson C) Bandura D) Bronfenbrenner

Culture

______ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

D

______ is a chromosome-transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. A) Genetic mutation B) Turner syndrome C) Fragile 21 chromosome D) Down syndrome

Down

________ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Cross

________-cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

Infancy

is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.

Adoption

is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.