Ch. 1

Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India. True False

False

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Vikings mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean first determination of Earth's circumference

established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Balboa established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland first determination of Earth's circumference led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Eratosthenes : first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland first determination of Earth's circumference led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

first determination of Earth's circumference

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: guess. theory. observation. law. hypothesis.

hypothesis.

Oceanic crust is primarily: siltstone. granite. carbonate sedimentary rocks. clay minerals. basalt.

basalt.

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a: protoplanet. quasar. solar system. supernova. nebula.

nebula.

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the: -Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. -Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. -Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. -Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. -Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans.

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

B. Ptolemy

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. observation B. hypothesis C. belief D. theory E. testing

C

Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America. True False

False

The European "Age of Discovery" ended with: Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe. Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands. Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean. Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World." Viking voyages to North America.

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history. True False

True

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks. True False

True

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer. Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle. Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. None of the above is an observation.

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately: 3,682 meters (12,080 feet). 840 meters (2,756 feet). 2,172 meters (7,126 feet). 11,022 meters (36,161 feet). none of the above.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet).

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

A. Oxygen

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe? Thor Heyerdahl sailed the balsa raft Kon Tiki to Polynesia to help establish a link of ancient peoples. Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world." Captain James Cook explored the Pacific, tried to reach the "Southern Land," and searched for the fabled "northwest passage." Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. John Harrison solved the "longitude problem" by inventing an accurate timepiece (watch). The Vikings actively explored the North Atlantic Ocean and set up colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and North America (Vinland).

Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world." Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

D. Indian

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was: Seneca. Herodotus. Pytheas. Ptolemy. Eratosthenes.

Eratosthenes.

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system? The Sun and the rest of the solar system were formed about one billion years ago. The moon is believed to have been a protoplanet that passed close to Earth and was captured by its gravitational field. The initial atmospheres of Earth and other planets close to the Sun were rich in ammonia and carbon dioxide. The solar system was formed by the expansion of a relatively small cloud of gas and space dust. The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? The asthenosphere consists of part crust and part mantle. The asthenosphere and the crust are essentially the same thing. The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles). The asthenosphere is not considered part of the mantle. The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere is composed of liquid molten rock.

The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles).

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami? The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a convergent boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a transform plate boundary, which does. The earthquake in Haiti was too small to have produced a tsunami. The Chilean earthquake was much larger and thus able to produce a tsunami. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does. Haiti is not located near an ocean, whereas Chile is located near an ocean

The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified (layered) in relation to their densities? The lowest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while higher density materials are located closer to Earth's surface. The highest density materials make up the ocean floor and the lowest density materials make up the mountains. The materials are homogenous (not stratified) throughout Earth's interior. The lowest density materials make up the ocean floor and the highest density materials make up the mountains. The highest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while lower density materials are located closer to Earth's Surface.

The highest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while lower density materials are located closer to Earth's Surface.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. mantle : contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system)

contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. lithosphere continental crust lower portion of the mantle that is rigid crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer oceanic crust plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

Based on the concept of isostatic adjustment, which of the following would result in the uplift of Earth's surface? lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere lithosphere that was made to be less dense lithosphere that was weighed down by glacial ice lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building lithosphere that gets a large amount of additional mass added on top of it

lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere lithosphere that was made to be less dense lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building

The water in Earth's oceans came __________. from condensation of water vapor in Earth's initial atmosphere completely from volcanic outgassing completely from comets colliding with Earth mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets from the melting of polar icecaps that formed when protoplanet Earth first cooled

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called: evolution. intelligent design. natural selection. adaptation. descent with modification.

natural selection.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. asthenosphere oceanic crust continental crust lower portion of the mantle that is rigid crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere

plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere