ch 1 nutrition
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) are broad ranges for each energy nutrient. Which of the following is the CORRECT percentage of AMDRs for adults?
protein 10-35%
The nurse is discussing nutrition reference values in class. Which of the following is a CORRECT statement made by the nurse?
"EAR is the nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group."
The nurse has calculated an unintentional percent weight change in the client to be 5 percent. This is concerning if it occurs over:
1 month.
The nurse is caring for an adult client who is concerned with protein intake. The client says, "I want to reduce my risk of chronic disease but still get enough essential nutrients." The client eats a 2,000-calorie diet each day. How many calories should come from protein each day?
200-700 calories The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) are broad ranges for each macronutrient expressed as a percentage of total calories consumed. The AMDR for adults for protein is 10%-35% of the total number of calories consumed. Since the client is eating 2,000 calories per day, the AMDR would be 200-700. The AMDR for adults for carbohydrates is 45%-65% (900-1300) of total calories consumed. The AMDR for adults for fat is 20%-35% (400-700) and 5%-10% of total calories (100-200) consumed for linoleic acids.
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) include four separate reference values that are based on the concepts of probability and risk. Which of the following is a CORRECT statement related to DRIs?
A nutrient has an EAR plus either an RDA or and AI.
The nurse is providing acute care discharge instruction to a client who is now medically stable and plans to have outpatient care to treat remaining wounds. Which nutrtitional advice does the nurse offer to maximize wound healing?
Add skim milk powder to reduced fat milk.
A client was surprised to learn that over 70% of adults are considered overweight in America and asks the nurse for more information on this topic. Which statement is true regarding nutrition-related health conditions in the United States?
Adults aged 60 and over have a lower rate of obesity than do younger adults.
The student nurse is preparing to teach a group of high school students about modifiable risk factors for chronic disease. Which statement from the students indicates they gained knowledge about the topic?
Binge drinking is responsible for over half of all deaths related to excessive alcohol use.
The nurse is using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) to measure a client's diet quality. Which food(s) belongs in the Adequacy group? Select all that apply.
Dairy Fatty acids Beans
To obtain an adequate history and ascertain nutritional risk, which of the following would be an appropriate question for the nurse to ask?
Do you avoid any particular foods?
The nurse realizes there are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) that estimate necessary nutrient intake and other reference sets that pertain to calories, one of which is the Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs). Which statement is true of EERs?
EERs estimate intake required to maintain weight.
To assist in nutrition screening in the community, the local older adult center has developed a screen to help identify individuals at high risk for malnutrition. Which of the following risk factors might be included?
Eats alone most of the time
It has been said that the Western diet includes a high proportion of calorie-dense foods. Which food is an example of a calorie-dense food?
Fried fish
Obesity has been the subject of a great deal of research in recent years. Which statement best reflects the application of nutrigenomics to obesity?
Having the gene associated with fat mass variation and obesity makes an individual susceptible to obesity.
The nurse is teaching a group of teenage students about the Healthy People core objectives. Which objective is associated with Healthy People goals for adolescents?
Increase the proportion of students participating in the School Breakfast Program.
The total diet approach to healthy eating encompasses several factors. Which statement is an accurate reflection of one of the parts of the total diet approach?
Nutrient density refers to the relative proportion of nutrients to calories in a food.
Lifestyle medicine incorporates the use of evidence-based lifestyle approaches to address chronic disease. Which therapeutic approach(es) is associated with lifestyle medicine? Select all that apply.
Plant-based diet Physical activity Stress management
The nurse recognizes that various situations will affect the nutritional status of hospitalized patients. Which of the following are steps the nurse can take to promote an adequate intake in the patients? Select all that apply.
Replace meals withheld for diagnostic tests. Discontinue IV therapy as soon as feasible. Order snacks and nutritional supplements
The class was asked to give examples of nutrient-dense foods. Which food(s) is considered nutrient dense? Select all that apply.
Skim milk Broccoli Garbanzo beans
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is consistently mentioned as healthy by the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Which meal option(s) is an example of eating in accordance with the DASH diet? Select all that apply.
Steel-cut oats topped with cinnamon Fresh fruit salad topped with low-fat yogurt Tuna salad made with light mayonnaise Baked skinless chicken with wild rice
The nurse suspects that social factors are limiting a client's understanding of the diet restrictions he is to follow. Which of the following may be a factor?
The client is unable to read.
A recently retired client states, "Now that I am retired, I want to focus on my health." The nurse reviews the client's medical history and lifestyle habits. Which finding would the nurse recommend the client focus on to improve their health?
The client smokes two cigarettes per day.
A nurse is providing the class with the latest updates to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Which statement(s) is true of the new 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans? Select all that apply.
The term "dietary patterns" refers to the combination of foods and beverages that an individual consumes over a period of time. Dietary patterns considered "healthy" by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines include plant-based diets. An individual's dietary patterns can be a better predictor of disease risk than are specific nutrients or foods.
A student nurse is reviewing dietary standards in preparation for a test. The student recognizes which standard as presenting the highest level of average daily nutrient intake?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
The nurse is educating a group of students about the placement of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) along the continuum of intake. Which nutrient-based standard is closest to the risk-of-toxicity side of the continuum?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Dieticians use nutrient recommendations for specific purposes. Which statement indicates an understanding of the appropriate application of nutrient recommendations?
Used to analyze the adequacy of an individual's intake
A student is studying for a test on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of nutrients. Which nutrients have an RDA? Select all that apply.
Vitamin C Magnesium Protein
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) consistently promote plant-based, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean diets as healthy eating patterns. Which meal choice example would the nurse recommend to a client who would like to try a Mediterranean diet?
Whole wheat pita bread with hummus
The nurse is aware the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of references that include which of the following? Select all that apply.
carbohydrates water cholesterol fiber
Nutrition screening helps identify clients who are at risk for malnutrition. Which of the following is criteria that is generally assessed in a nutritional screening tool?
functional capacity
Which of the ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with dietary excesses? Select all that apply.
heart disease cancer stroke
The nurse is assisting at a nonprofit clinic that offers medical services for at-risk clients. During assessments, the nurse is aware that several factors can negatively influence the clients' nutritional status. Which of the following may be a factor? Select all that apply.
inadequate cooking arrangement low income impaired intake related to culture
DRIs are used by scientists and nutritionists who work in research or academic settings and by dietitians who plan menus for which of the following specific populations? Select all that apply.
nursing home residents schoolchildren users of military feeding programs
DRIs are used by scientists and nutritionists who work in research or academic settings and by dietitians who plan menus for which of the following specific populations? Select all that apply. infants nursing home residents schoolchildren users of military feeding programs individuals with bowel disorders
nursing home residents military feeding programs school children
The nurse is aware that physical findings of malnutrition may not appear in which situation?
subclinical
The nurse is assessing a new client to the unit for possible malnutrition. The nurse is aware that the physical findings are:
subjective.
The nurse suspects that a client may be malnourished because of which of the following symptoms found during an assessment? Select all that apply.
swollen neck glands depressed mood loss of balance
After learning about the history of intake guidelines, students know that simply reading a food's nutrition facts label may not be enough to understand the health effects of the food. Which statement reflects the current focus of work in nutrients and food?
Intake guidelines that focus solely on nutrients can can underestimate the complexity of food.
The nurse is approached by the client's spouse who says, "He eats so poorly. I know that is what is making him so sick!" The nurse recognizes that diet plays a role in the risk for chronic diseases. Which eating pattern would the nurse recommend that is associated with positive health outcomes?
Plant-based eating pattern Examples of eating patterns consistently mentioned as healthy are plant-based eating patterns, the Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. The nurse would recommend one of those as an eating pattern that promotes positive health outcomes. There is not an eating pattern called the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypercholesterolemia. Eating patterns associated with positive health outcomes are characterized by relatively high intakes of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, low- or nonfat dairy, lean meats and poultry, seafood, nuts, and unsaturated vegetable oils, so the nurse would not tell the client to reduce intake of seafood, nuts, and unsaturated vegetable oils. Eating patterns associated with detrimental health outcomes are higher in the intake of red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, and refined grains, so the nurse would recommend decreasing intake of red meats and refined grains.
The nurse has been approached by a client who has just switched to a vegetarian diet. The client is concerned that they may have decreased their Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) score by eating more foods that should only be eaten in moderation. The client had cream of wheat with milk and a caramel latte for breakfast; a three-bean salad, a croissant, and a soda for lunch; pretzels, a breakfast toaster pastry, and a fruit-flavored beverage for a snack; and a black bean burger with french fries and a dessert for dinner. Which combination of foods contains only ones considered part of the Moderation group of the HEI-2015?
Pretzels, breakfast toaster pastry, fruit-flavored beverage The Moderation group of the HEI-2015 represents foods that should be limited and includes refined grains, added sugars, sodium, and saturated fats. The client ate several foods throughout the day from the Moderation group. Out of the available answers, only the snack consisting of pretzels (refined grains, sodium), breakfast toaster pastry (refined grains, added sugars), and fruit-flavored beverage (added sugars) includes only foods within the Moderation group. The cream of wheat, caramel latte, croissant, soda, fries, and dessert are also foods considered to fall within the Moderation group. The milk, three-bean salad, and black bean burger would fall under the Adequacy group.
A client has recently gained 25 pounds and was diagnosed with prehypertension. The health care provider has recommended the client follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Which menu will the nurse recommend?
Snack of 1 cup of fat-free yogurt topped with blueberries and reduced-sodium whole-wheat crackers The DASH diet features meals with large amounts of vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy products. It also incorporates whole grains, fish, poultry, and nuts while limiting the intake of red meat, sodium, and added sugars. The snack meets the DASH food requirements as it offers low-fat yogurt, fruit, and reduced-sodium wheat crackers. Breakfast intake included whole milk, lunch included ranch dressing, and dinner included bacon and mayonnaise, all of which are not recommended under the DASH diet.
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are based on specific criteria indicators for estimating requirements. Which of the following is an example of such a criteria indicator?
plasma and serum nutrient concentrations The recommendations are based on specific criteria indicators for estimating requirements, such as plasma and serum nutrient concentrations, and are set high enough to account for daily variations in intake.
The nurse is teaching the caregiver of an older adult client about the diet the health care provider has recommended. The goal is to increase caloric intake while improving the client's overall nutritional status. The nurse recognizes that the training has been successful when the caregiver says:
"He can still have his favorite food, ice cream."
The student asks the nurse to explain the role of nutrient reference values when planning eating patterns. Which of the following is the best response by the nurse?
"The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of five nutrient-based reference values used to plan and evaluate diets."
A client who was diagnosed with diabetes many years ago expresses frustration over their disease and asks the nurse, "It does not seem like anything is helping. Can you tell me about lifestyle medicine? Maybe that will work." Which statement(s) aligns with lifestyle medication? Select all that apply.
"This approach requires major lifestyle changes such as losing weight and changing your diet." "This is not a quick fix. Results will take time and require a long-term commitment." "Your home and community will need to be examined for contributing factors."
An older adult client has come in for a follow-up visit after a hospitalization for constipation. The client complains that his family will not let him eat what he wants to. The nurse recognizes the family has a knowledge deficit when one family member says which of the following to the client?
"You can only have what is on the list."
A client is asking the nurse to explain Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Which of the following definitions best describes DRIs?
A set of five nutrient-based reference values used to plan and evaluate diets
A client presents with a Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) score of 53. The nurse knows this indicates the client has what quality of diet?
Low diet quality The total HEI score is a numeric value that provides an indication of overall diet quality. For Americans aged 2 and older, the average HEI-2015 score is 59 out of 100, indicating that typical eating patterns of Americans do not align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The typical US diet is often described as "poor." A score of 53 would be described this way.
A client states, "My wife wants me to try this Mediterranean diet. She says it will help me lose weight and help my heart." Which food(s) will the nurse recommend to align with the Mediterranean diet? Select all that apply.
Salmon with wild rice Roasted green beans Chicken with asparagus
Preventable chronic diseases have proven to be a major global health challenge and many relate to nutrition. In which rank is diabetes mellitus, in order of prevalence, for number of deaths caused in 2018?
Seventh
The nurse knows the following statement(s) to be true regarding the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) values. Select all that apply.
The EAR is one of the four original nutrient-based standards of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The EAR exceeds the requirements of half of the group and falls below the requirements of the other half.