Ch 1. Study Questions
Define muscle tissue
A collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials. Some muscles may be controlled voluntarily, whereas others act involuntarily. Examples of involuntary muscle include cardiac and smooth muscle; voluntary muscle includes all of the skeletal muscles.
Define lateral
A directional term meaning away from the median plane (center line) of the body.
Define ventral
A directional term meaning toward the bottom surface of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the belly.
Define deep
A directional term meaning toward the center of the body or a body part; internal.
Define Cranial
A directional term meaning toward the head of an animal.
Define medial
A directional term meaning toward the median plane (center line) of the body.
Define superficial
A directional term meaning toward the surface of the body or a body part; external
Define caudal
A directional term meaning toward the tail end of an animal.
Define dorsal
A directional term meaning toward the top of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the backbone.
Define distal
A directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction away from the body proper.
Define proximal
A directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction toward the body proper.
Define tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function. The four basic tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
Define organs
A group of tissues that work together for common purposes.
Define thorax
Another name for the thoracic, or chest, cavity.
Define planes of reference
Any of four basic imaginary slices through an animal body oriented at right angles to each other. They provide points or areas of reference for descriptions of direction or location. The four anatomic planes of reference are the sagittal plane, median plane, transverse plane, and dorsal plane.
Describe the region of the Brisket
Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that cover the cranial end of the sternum
Anatomical terms are used for what purpose?
Basic anatomic terminology can be used as points or areas of reference and on sets of directional terms that have opposite meanings from each other.
Why is some pleura referred to as visceral pleura?
Because it lies right on the viscera (the organs)
What does "congestive heart failure" mean?
Congestive heart failure is a clinical term used to describe a heart that is not pumping adequate amounts of blood. This results in blood "backing up" in the body, which produces congestion, or abnormal fluid accumulation, upstream from the failing heart
How does connective tissue work with cells?
Connective tissue holds the bod together (connects its cells) and gives it support
What is connective tissue composed of?
Connective tissues are composed of cells and a variety of nonliving intercellular substances, such as fibers, that add strength
Finish the statement: The epithelium that lines the GI tract is specialized to...
... absorb nutrients from the lumen of the tube
Finish the statement: Describe what the terms "left" and "right" mean...
...Left and right always refer to the animal's left and right sides
Finish the statement: homeostasis is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body. The word dynamic implies _________, and equilibrium refers to ______...
...activity, energy, and work; balance
Finish the sentence: the sheer size of a dog or horse results in most of the animal's cells...
...being far removed from the outside environment.
Finish the statement:Submicroscopic anatomy includes topics such as...
...component that make up cells and the chemical molecules and ion that serve important roles in the body
Finish the statement: Anatomic terms must have the same meaning regardless...
...of the orientation of the animal or the position of the observer.
Finish the statement: each of the body's cells depends on...
...the health and proper functioning of all the tissues, organs, systems, and the body as a whole
Finish the statement: in terms of the levels of organization of the body, the health of the body as a whole depends on...
...the health and proper functioning of each of its systems, organs, tissues, and cells
Finish the statement: Directional terms in anatomy provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures regardless of _________...
...the position of the animal's body
Finish the statement: A particular cell in the body depends on...
...the rest of the body's cells all doing their jobs to ensure its survival
The animal body has ____ main cavities
2
The dorsal body cavity has ______ parts
2
Define epithelial tissue
A collection of tissues that are made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces. These cells may be in single layers or multilayered and can regenerate quickly.
Define nervous tissue
A collection of tissues that collect, process, and convey information. Nervous tissue includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Sensory (afferent) nerves convey information about the body's surroundings to the brain, whereas motor (efferent) nerves send instructions from the brain to the body. Some nervous tissues, called mixed nerves, can perform both functions.
Describe the region of the Fetlock
Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Define smooth muscle
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle having only one nucleus per cell; the type of muscle found in soft internal organs and structures. Smooth muscle gets its name because its cells do not have a striped appearance under the microscope, in contrast to skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle is not under conscious control. Smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, where it assists with the movement of food through the gut (peristalsis).
How is peritonitis commonly caused?
Peritonitis commonly results either from a wound that penetrates into the abdomen from the outside or from a rupture or perforation of the GI tract.
Define skeletal muscle
Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal; the type of muscle that moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious control.
What are some problems with using terms such as "left" and right" when dictating location?
Position of the observer can make a difference in terms such as left and right. If a structure in an animal is located "to the right" of another structure, does the meaning change if the observer is facing the animal head-on or facing the same direction as the animal?
The _______ end of the tail attaches it to the body
Proximal
Define viscera
Refers to the soft, internal organs enclosed within a body cavity, such as the lungs, kidneys, and intestines. The term is used to describe the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
In what case would the term "rostral" be used?
Rostral is a special term used only to describe positions or directions on the head. The term cranial loses its meaning on the head because the cranium is part of the head. Rostral means toward the tip of the nose (rostrum).
What must an animal's body do to allow all of its cells to live and function? Provide an example.
The animal's body must create and support an internal environment that allows all of its cells to live and function. To accomplish this, cells must specialize in some functions and eliminate others. For example, some cells specialize in absorbing nutrients (intestinal lining cells), others in carrying oxygen (red blood cells), and still others in organizing and controlling body functions (nerve cells).
Describe where the plantar surface is on an animal
The back of the hind leg from the tarsus distally
Define digestive system
The collection of organs that take in, digest and absorb food for use by the body to maintain health and normal function. This system includes all structures of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines. Although not part of the digestive tract, accessory digestive organs such as the gallbladder and pancreas provide secretions that aid in the chemical part of the process.
Define bilateral symmetry
The concept that the left and right halves of an animal's body are mirror images of each other. Paired structures, such as the kidneys, are located one on each side of the body, and single structures, such as the heart, are located near the median plane.
Define cranium
The cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity, formed from several skull bones. It houses and protects the brain. It is the reference point for the directional term cranial.
What composes the digestive system?
The digestive system is composed of the organs that make up the digestive tube, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestine as well as accessory digestive organs, such as salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
Define inflammation
The first step in the healing process when the body is injured. Its purpose is to "clean up" the damaged area through various inflammatory processes so healing can begin.
What is the function of kidneys?
The kidney is an organ composed of various tissues that function together to eliminate wastes from the body
Define ventral body cavity
The large space in the body that is divided by the thin, sheetlike diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity (chest) and caudal abdominal cavity (belly).
Define xiphoid process
The last, most caudal sternebra.
Define visceral layer
The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lies directly on the surface of organs in the thorax or abdomen.
Define parietal layer
The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lines the thorax or abdomen, respectively.
Define dorsal body cavity
The space in the skull and spinal column that contains the brain and spinal cord. The portion in the skull is called the cranium, and the portion in the spinal column is called the spinal canal.
Define connective tissue
Tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues.
What are the main jobs of epithelial tissue?
To cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb material
Organs, muscles, and bones are generally described as _______ anatomy a. Macroscopic b. Microscopic c. Regional d. Systemic e. Gross
a. Macroscopic e. gross
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are all types of... a. Muscle tissue b. Connective tissue c. Epithelial tissue d. Nervous tissue
a. Muscle tissue
The caudal abdominal cavity is also known as the ______
abdomen
The visceral layer of peritoneum covers the _________, and the parietal layer lines the ___________
abdominal organs, abdominal cavity
Connective tissue range from very soft, such as ________ (commonly called _____) to very firm, such as ________ and _______
adipose tissue, fat, cartilage, bone
What is examined in regional anatomy? Provide an example.
all the components of each region of the body are examined. For example, the anatomy of the neck (cervical) region would include all the cells, tissues, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, organs and bone present in the neck.
_____ body systems are involved in the many mechanisms of homeostasis, which require a lot of ______ and _____
all, energy, work
What is an example of a single-celled animal
ameba
Describe how animal's body temperature must maintain homeostasis
an animal's body temperature cannot vary more than a few degrees from either side of the normal range without starting to interfere with other body functions
What is a "plane"
an imaginary slice through the body
_______ deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts while _______ deals with the functions of the body and its parts
anatomy; physiology
Describe the region of the Withers
area dorsal to scapulas
Describe the region of the Pastern
area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Which of the following terms describes the direction toward an animal's back? a. Ventral b. Dorsal c. Inferior d. Cranial
b. Dorsal
Cells and tissues are generally described as ______ anatomy. a. Macroscopic b. Microscopic c. Regional d. Systemic e. Gross
b. Microscopic
The _______ is the trunk of the body-formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
barrel
List the functions of connective tissue
binds cells and structures together and supports the body
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
bones and joints
What are some organs that are single structures?
brain, heart and uterus
The sternum is also referred to as the ______
breastbone
The _______ is the Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that cover the cranial end of the sternum
brisket
Adipose tissue/fat, cartilage and bone are all types of... a. Nervous tissue b. Muscle tissue c. Connective tissue d. Epithelial tissue
c. Connective tissue
Physiology deals with the _______ of the body and its parts. a. Form b. Structure c. Function d. A and B e. A, B and C
c. Function
The _______ is the Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of the hoofed animals
cannon
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
cardiac muscle makes up the heart and works "automatically to pump the blood through the body
heart and blood vessels are the main components of what system?
cardiovascular system
Describe the region of the Knee
carpus of hoofed animals
The tail is also referred to as the _______
cauda
The back of the hind leg from the tarsus proximally is called the _____ surface
caudal
The back surface of the front leg from the carpus proximally is called the ____ surface
caudal
List the levels of body organization from simplest to most complex
cell; tissue; organ; system; body
_______ are the basic functional units of animal life
cells
What are the main components of the nervous system?
central nervous system and peripheral nerves
List the characteristics of connective tissue
composed of living cells and nonliving intercellular substances
List the characteristics of nervous tissue
composed of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells
List the characteristics of epithelial tissue
composed only of cells
Cells are very soft and cannot support themselves without the outside help of ________
connective tissue
Skeletal muscle function is under ________ control
conscious nervous system control
List the functions of epithelial tissue
covers and protects (surfaces); secretes (glands); absorbs (intestinal lining)
A horse's shoulder is located _______ to its hip
cranial
The _______ houses and protects the brain
cranial cavity/ cranium
______ means toward the head, and ______ means toward the tail
cranial, caudal
_______ and ______ refer to ends of the animal as it stands on four legs
cranial, caudal
The cranial cavity is also known as the ______
cranium
The head is also referred to as the ______
cranium
Anatomy deals with the ______ of the body and its parts a. Form b. Structure c. Function d. A and B e. A, B and C
d. A and B
Which two terms refer to the same location of the body? a. Anterior, dorsal b. Posterior, ventral c. Cranial, caudal d. Rostral, cranial e. Caudal, dorsal
d. Rostral, cranial
Which of the following terms describes the direction toward an animal's belly? a. Caudal b. Dorsal c. Rostral d. Ventral
d. Ventral
_________ and _______ refer to the position of something relative to the center or surface of the body or a body part
deep (internal), superficial (external)
The _______ digital flexor muscle is located closer to the center of the leg than the ________ digital flexor muscle, which is located nearer to the surface of the leg
deep, superficial
gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs are the main components of what system?
digestive system
What happens when the structures or functions of the body become abnormal?
disease results
The toes are located on the ______ end of the leg
distal
What are the body cavities in an animal's body
dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
Describe the region of the Tailhead
dorsal part of the base of the tail
_________ is a plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes
dorsal plane
The "front" surface of both the front and hind legs is termed _______ from the carpus and tarsus distally and _______ proximal to them
dorsal, cranial
When one prepares to ride a horse, the saddle is placed on the animal's _______ surface, and the cinch goes around the horse's _____ surface
dorsal, ventral
_________ and _______ refer to "up and down" directions or positions with the animal in a standing position
dorsal, ventral
If an animal stands in water with its body partially submerged, the surface of the water describes a _________ a. Sagittal plane b. Median plane c. Midsagittal plane d. Transverse plane e. Dorsal plane f. Frontal plane
e. Dorsal plane
What are the main components of the endocrine system?
endocrine glands and hormones
endocrine glands and hormones are the main components of what system?
endocrine system
Where is epithelial tissue located?
epithelial tissue covers the surface of the skin and lines the mouth, intestine and urinary bladder. Epithelial tissue also forms glands
What are the basic tissues that make up the entire animal body?
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue
The term "superficial" is often referred to as "_______"
external
What are some organs that work in pairs?
eyes, lungs and kidney
True or false: paired internal organs are identical
false: paired internal organs are not identical, they are mirror images of each other
True or false: skeletal muscles work automatically
false; Skeletal muscle function is under conscious nervous system control
True or false: cardiac muscle function is under conscious nervous system control
false; cardiac muscle works "automatically" (no conscious effort required). Skeletal muscle function is under conscious nervous system control
True or false: homeostatic mechanisms can change the basic defects that are causing the heart to fail
false; homeostatic mechanisms cannot change the basic defects that are causing the heart to fail, but they help the damaged heart maintain vital blood flow to the rest of the body for as long as possible
True or false: directional terms are the same across human and animal anatomy
false; since humans walk upright, there are a few differences between human directional terms and those of nonhuman animals
True or false: single-celled organisms have the ability to influence its environment
false; single-celled organisms have no ability to influence its environment and has to take things as they come
True or false: the dorsal cavity is much larger than the ventral cavity
false; the dorsal cavity is small and the ventral cavity is much larger
True or false: the sagittal plane runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves
false; the midsagittal plane runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves
True or false: the peritoneum only lines the abdomen itself
false; the peritoneum lines the abdomen as well as its contents.
True or false: there is one particular part of the body responsible for homeostasis
false; the whole body is responsible for homeostasis
True or false: When performing surgery on the digestive tract, we must take care to suture it securely closed to prevent leakage, which could lead to pleuritis
false;When performing surgery on the digestive tract, we must take care to suture it securely closed to prevent leakage, which could lead to peritonitis
Describe the region of the Stifle
femorotibial/femoropatellar joint- equivalent to human knee
The _______ is the Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
fetlock
The joint between the large metacarpal or metatarsal bone and the proximal phalanx is referred to as the ______
fetlock
The _______ is the Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs
flank
In humans the dorsal plane is called the ________
frontal plane
What are the main components of the digestive system?
gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs
What are some functions single-celled animals must fulfil to support itself?
grow; respond to positive and negative stimuli; seek out, engulf, and absorb food; eliminate wastes; and reproduce
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
heart and blood vessels
What are the major structures in the thoracic cavity?
heart, lungs, esophagus, and many major blood vessels coming and going from the heart
The _______ is the tarsus
hock
The processes that monitor and adjust all the various essential parameters of the body are summarized by the term ________
homeostasis
Describe physiology in simple terms
how things work and what they do
How are lateral radiographic views named?
they are named according to which side of the animal is closest to the film; if the animal's right side is closest to the film for an abdominal radiograph, the view is called a right lateral view of the abdomen.
What is special about the terms proximal and distal?
they are only used to describe positions on extremities
the cranial thoracic cavity is also known as the ______ or ______
thorax, chest
When specialized cells group together, they form ______
tissues
Simply speaking, what does homeostasis do?
to put it more mechanistically, the process of homeostasis help maintain a fairly constant internal environment in the body as conditions inside and outside the animal change
Describe the region of the Poll
top of the head between the bases of the ears
Describe where the median place is located within an animal's body
toward the centerline of the body (lengthwise)
List the function of nervous tissue
transmits information around body; coordinates and controls activities
True or false: The principle of bilateral symmetry accurately reflects the basic inner and outer structure of the body
true
True or false: according to bilateral symmetry the left and right halves of the animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other
true
True or false: all structures and functions in the body are interrelated, nothing takes place in isolation
true
True or false: all the cells in the body rely on each other to do their jobs to contribute to their survival
true
True or false: cells are the smallest subdivision of the body that are capable of life
true
True or false: directional anatomy terms generally occur in pairs that have opposite meanings
true
True or false: epithelial tissue is composed entirely of cells
true
True or false: even the cavity itself, of the thoracic cavity, is covered in pleura
true
True or false: smooth muscle works automatically
true
True or false: the GI tract falls in line with the median plane
true
True or false: the ventral body cavity is much larger than the dorsal body cavity
true
True or false: Anatomy and Physiology can be studied as separate subjects
true (but such an approach makes it difficult to gain a complete picture of how the animal machine works)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra are the main components of what system?
urinary system
Soft organs are also referred to as ________
viscera
The layer of pleura that covers the organs is called the _______
visceral layer
What are the two layers of pleura called?
visceral layer and parietal layer
Describe anatomy is simple terms
what things look like and where they are located
The _______ is the area dorsal to scapulas
withers
Describe the ventro-dorsal view of the abdomen
x rays enter the animal's ventral surface, pass through the abdomen and exit the animal's dorsal surface before striking the film
The caudal end of the sternum (breastbone) is called the ________
xiphoid process
What divides the ventral cavity
a thin diaphragm muscle
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle are the main components of what system?
muscular system
The _______ is the rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones
muzzle
In humans _________ is used in place of rostral
nasal
Where are single structures in the body generally located?
near the center of the body, near the median plane
central nervous system and peripheral nerves are the main components of what system?
nervous system
What is the function of nervous tissue?
nervous tissue transmits information around the body and controls body functions. It transmits sensory information from the body to the brain, processes the information, and sends instructions out to tell the body how to react to changing conditions
Systems are groups of _______ that are involved in common set of activities?
organs
What is another name for viscera?
organs
What is the "next level up" from tissues?
organs
What composes organs?
organs are made up of groups of tissues that work together for common purposes
What are the main components of the sensory system?
organs of general and special sense
The back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally is called the ______ surface
palmar
The layer of pleura that lines the whole thoracic cavity is called the ________ of pleura
parietal layer
The _______ is the area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
pastern
The abdomen is lined by a thin membrane called the _______
peritoneum
Inflammation of the peritoneum is referred to as _______
peritonitis
Basic anatomic terminology is based on ______.
planes
The back of the hind leg from the tarsus distally is called the ______ surface
plantar
The condition of the pleural surfaces becoming thickened and roughened by inflammation is referred to as ______ or ______
pleuritis, pleurisy
The _______ is the top of the head between the bases of the ears
poll
In humans ________ takes the place of dorsal, and ________ takes the place of ventral
posterior, anterior
Regional anatomy describes the individual ______ of the body, while systemic anatomy describes the individual ________ of the body
region; systems
male and female reproductive structures are the main components of what system?
reproductive system
Lungs and air passageways are the main components of what system?
respiratory system
The duodenum, the first short portion of the small intestine, exits the stomach on the ____ side of a dog's abdomen
right
An animal's eyes are located _______ to its ears
rostral
Describe the region of the Muzzle
rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones
The nose is also referred to as the _______
rostrum
What are the anatomic reference planes?
sagittal, median, transverse, dorsal plane
organs of general and special sense are the main components of what system?
sensory system
List the characteristics of muscle tissue
skeletal (voluntary); cardiac (heart); smooth (involuntary)
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
bones and joints are the main components of what system?
skeletal system
What are the main components of the muscular system?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
What are the systems of the body?
skeletal, integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, muscular, sensory, endocrine, urinary, reproductive
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, and hooves
What fills the potential space between the two layers of pleura? Why is this necessary?
small amount of lubricating fluid. The smooth pleural surfaces are lubricated by the pleural fluid to ensure that the two surfaces slide over each other easily during breathing
The secreting units of sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands are all composed of ___________
specialized epithelial tissues
The spinal cavity is also known as the ______
spinal canal
The _______ houses and protects the spinal cord
spinal canal/spinal cavity
The _______ is the femorotibial/femoropatellar joint- equivalent to human knee
stifle
What are glands?
structures that secrete useful substances and excrete wastes
In humans _________ is used in place of cranial, and _______ is used in place of caudal
superior, inferior
What is the most complex level of body organization?
systems
The _______ is the dorsal part of the base of the tail
tailhead
Describe the region of the Hock
tarsus
Describe where the palmar surface is on an animal
the back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally
Describe where the caudal surface is on an animal
the back surface of the front leg from the carpus proximally as well as the back of the hind leg from the tarsus proximally
What are some examples of single structures that are located near the median plane?
the brain, the hear and the gastrointestinal tract
What is the function of the digestive system?
the digestive system is concerned with obtaining, digesting and absorbing nutrients to fuel the rest of the body
The abdomen contains what organs?
the digestive, urinary and reproductive organs
Describe how homeostasis works to fix congestive heart failure
the first indication that the heart is starting to fail is a drop in the cardiac output, that is, the amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute. The decrease blood flow and blood pressure are picked up by receptors in the vascular system and relayed to the central nervous system. Signals then go out to activate the sympathetic portion of the nervous system. This system, also called the fight-or-flight system, helps prepare the body for intense physical activity. Its effect on the cardiovascular system is to increase blood flow and blood pressure by stimulating the heart to beat harder and faster and by constricting blood vessels. In the short term, these mechanisms help bring blood flow and blood pressure back up to normal levels.
What is the problem with regional anatomy descriptions?
the problem is that the body is not always easy to subdivide this way, and there is often overlap between adjacent regions; that is, where does the neck region end and the shoulder region begin? It is not always clear.
Where is the proximal-distal dividing line for the front leg?
the proximal end of the carpus (equivalent to our wrist)
Where is the proximal-distal dividing line for the rear leg?
the proximal end of the tarsus (equivalent to our ankle)
What do all the organs in the thoracic cavity have in common?
they are all covered by a thin membrane called the pleura
There are _____ anatomic planes of reference
4
There are _____ basic tissues that make up the entire animal body
4
Muscle tissue exists as _____ types
3
Define homeostasis
A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; the maintenance of balance in the body. The concept of homeostasis includes the many mechanisms that monitor critical levels and functions in the body and stimulate corrective actions when things stray from normal. By keeping important activities within relatively narrow ranges, the process of homeostasis helps maintain normal body structure, function, and therefore health.
Define health
A state of normal anatomy and physiology that allows the body to function normally.
Define fight-or-flight system
A whole-body response resulting from an animal feeling threatened that prepares the body for intense physical activity. It results from a combination of direct sympathetic nerve stimulation and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream from the medulla of the adrenal gland. Effects in the body include increased heart rate and output, increased blood pressure, dilated air passageways in the lungs, and decreased gastrointestinal function.
Define macroscopic anatomy
Also called gross anatomy; the study of body parts large enough to be seen without magnification, such as a lung, leg, or brain.
What parts compose the dorsal body cavity?
a somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long, narrow spinal cavity running down the spine.
Define systems
Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities.
Why are anatomy and physiology generally studied together?
In order to gain a complete picture of how the body works.
Describe the region of the Cannon
Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of the hoofed animals
Describe the region of the Flank
Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
Lungs and air passageways
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious nervous system control
Where is smooth muscle found?
Smooth muscle is found in internal organs such as the digestive tract and urinary bladder
Define cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary muscle that is found exclusively in the heart. Cardiac muscle is influenced by the autonomic nervous system. It has one centrally located nucleus and intercalated discs that form special connections between the muscle branches.
_________ and ________ are used to describe positions only on extremities, such as legs, ears, and tail, relative to the body
proximal, distal
Define gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The part of the digestive tube composed of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
What happens t the pleural surface under the condition pleuritis?
The pleural surfaces scrape over each other with each breath, making breathing very painful
Define microscopic anatomy
The study of anatomic parts too small to be seen with the unaided eye, such as cells and tissues.
Define anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts. Through anatomy we can describe where things are located in or on the animal body and what they look like.
Define physiology
The study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. Through physiology, we can describe how parts of the body work and what their functions are
In what case does the term "cranial" lose its meaning? In this case, does this terms opposite lose it's meaning as well?
The term cranial loses its meaning on the head because the cranium is part of the head. Caudal ("cranial"s opposite) retains its normal meaning on the head because it still means toward the tail end of the animal.
Define pleura
The thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura). A potential space between the two layers contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that allows the thoracic structures to slide smoothly over each other as they and the thorax itself move.
Describe the region of the Barrel
The trunk of the body-formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
What is the median plane?
a special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves.
Why are directional terms more complicated when describing the front and back surfaces of the legs?
There are different terms depending on whether we are referring to the distal or proximal parts of the legs as well as the forelimbs or hindimbs.
Why aren't terms such as "up", "down", "above", "below" and "beside" used to dictate location of body parts?
These terms are not very useful because they depend on the orientation of the animal (upright, on its side, on its back, and so on).
What is the first indication that the heart is failing?
a drop in the cardiac output, that is, the amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute
True or false: Dorsal and ventral retain their meaning regardless of the animal's position
True
What is the transverse plane?
a plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal
What is the dorsal plane?
a plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the animal's back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal.
What is the sagittal plane?
a plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.
Describe the simplest way to think of health
a state of normal anatomy and physiology
Under what circumstances do single-celled animals survive?
if the environmental conditions are favorable, the single-celled organisms survive, if not, they die.
Describe peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) is very painful and most commonly results either from a wound that penetrates into the abdomen from the outside or from a rupture or perforation of the GI tract.
skin, hair, nails, and hooves are the main components of what system?
integumentary system
The term "deep" is often referred to as "_______"
internal
What are some paired structures of the animal's body
kidneys, lungs and legs, eyes
What are the main components of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
The _______ is the carpus of hoofed animals
knee
The ________ surface of an animal's leg is the outer surface
lateral
The spleen, an organ with several important functions, is located on the _____ side of the cow's abdomen
left
Gross anatomy is another name for what term?
macroscopic anatomy
What are the main components of the reproductive system?
male and female reproductive structures
The ________ surface of an animal's leg is the one closest to its body
medial
_______ and ________ refer to positions relative to the median plane
medial, lateral
Midsagittal plane is another term to describe __________
median plane
What are different ways in which anatomy can be compared?
microscopic anatomy vs macroscopic anatomy and regional anatomy vs systemic anatomy
What does the ventral body cavity contain?
most of the soft organs (viscera) of the body
List the function of muscle tissue
movement
