Ch 10 AMH
Election of 1832
Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.
What was the result of Jackson's' Veto of the renewal of the Second Banks charter?
Jackson vetoed the bill arguing that it was unconstitutional. Clay and Webster's plan had backfired. Jackson's veto of the bill actually was supported by the people and he was re-elected. He then decided to "kill" the bank even before its current charter ended.
Election of 1832
Jackson won reelection over Henry Clay in the midst of the nullification crisis
John Eaton
Jackson's Secretary of war who was married to a bar owner's daughter and started the Peggy Eaton scandal
True
Jackson tried to force the wives to accept her, but they didn't. Mrs. Calhoun who led the attack, withdrew from society and this led to a rift between Jackson and Calhoun
Gag Rule
Anti slavery groups started sending petitions to Congress and congress voted to table all such request. John Quincy Adams would fight this decision until 1844 citing a violation of the rights of the American people.
Independent Treasury
After several years, Van Buren was able to get Congress to pass a bill for an independent treasury. The independent treasury allowed the federal government to keep its fund in vaults owned by the federal government.
Martin Van Buren
(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.
Petticoat Affair
(also known as the Eaton Affair) was a political scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, these women, dubbed the "Petticoats", socially ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife, Peggy Eaton, over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons' marriage and what they deemed her failure to meet the "moral standards of a Cabinet Wife".
Rotation in office (Spoils System)
*A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. *Jackson argued this was democratic as it gave more opportunities for common people to hold government jobs *Opponents to this argued many of these people were not qualified for the jobs.
Andrew Jackson
- Sought to increase presidential powers - Sought to have the "people" replace the ruling political and economic elite - Introduced "rotation in office" - Used the spoils system more than any other President before him.
Panic of 1837
- State banks failed - 1/3 of the workforce was jobless - Wages were cut - Van Buren did nothing to help the suffering people during the depression.
Whigs
Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government
Maysville Road Veto
1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.
The petticoat war
1830-1831; US scandal involving members of president Jackson's cabinet and their wives *nickname for the Eaton Affair, referring to the battle between women
Gag Rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress
Tariff of 1832
A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act
Peggy Eaton
A woman who had an affair with and married John Eaton three months before he took office as secretary of war. She was unaccepted within the higher society and became the gossip among the Cabinet. She was defended by President Jackson and Secretary of State Van Buren.
Tippecanoe and Tyler too
this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
The Eaton affair
An incident in which Peggy Eaton, the wife of Andrew Jackson's secretary of war, was ostracized because she was the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper, and thus allegedly a woman of ''easy virtue".
The petticoat war
Andrew Jackson favored Peggy Eaton, and in response to this elects her husband, John Eaton, as Secretary of War, and Martin van Buren vice president due to his sympathy for the Eatons.
Biddle's Banks
Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity
The nullification crisis
Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government *A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.
True
Biddle demanded that the banks keep a specie (money in form of coins) on reserve to back up paper currency. Because the bank served as a depository and disbursement agent for the government, it soon became one of the most powerful lending agents in America. However, the bank still had some powerful enemies, including Jackson.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Calhoun believed in states rights over government. In this statement, Calhoun declared that States could review laws passed by Congress and declare them null and void
JACKSON AND THE CHEROKEE INDIANS
Cherokee Indians thought they were exceptions to the rule because they had been declared a separate nation within Georgia. Although this case was upheld in Worcester V. Georgia, President Jackson refused to abide by it and order their removal--by force if necessary.
Tariff of 1832
Congress passed a higher tariff in 1832 than it was in 1828. Carolina issued an Ordinance of Nullification and threatened that the South would secede from the union if forced to do so. Clay offered a compromise to reduce the tariff each year for 10 years.
Why did Congress set up the second Bank of the United States?
Congress set up the Bank in 1816 to hold the federal governments money and to control the nation's money supply. President Jackson disliked the Second Bank even before he was president. Private bankers ran the bank. Its President was Nicholas Biddle, he was not an elected official.
Webster-Hayne Debate
Debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over nullification.
Antimasonic Party
First Third Party - against rich/secretive masons. *Was the first third party in American History. The party opposed anymore Masons being elected president.
Webster-Hayne Debate
Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"
What did Jackson do to "kill" the Second Bank of the United's States?
He ordered all government deposits withdrawn from the bank, and placed into smaller state banks. In 1836 he refused to sign a new charter for the Bank, and it closed.
John C. Calhoun
In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.
Death of the Bank
Jackson killed the bank by refusing to deposit anymore government funds in it. Jackson deposited the money into state banks called "pet banks"
Indian removal policy
Jackson ordered the removal of all Indians to the west of the Mississippi River. The Seminoles resisted
Trail of Tears
Indians forced on an 800 miles trip, thousands died from resistance, climatic changes and diseases.
Specie circular
Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver
Indian removal policy
Jackson's decision for the United States to begin moving the Indians westward and opening Indian lands in the East to white settlement
How was the Second Bank of the United States connected to the Election of 1832?
Jackson's opponents planned to use the bank to defeat him in the 1832 presidential campaign. Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were friends of Biddle. They persuaded Biddle to apply early for a new charter - a government permit to run the bank - even though the bank's charter did not expire until 1836, they though this would force him to take action against the bank. Opponents of Jackson, They believed that the Bank had the support of the American people. They thought that if Jackson tried to veto, or reject, the renewal of the charter, he would lose support. Henry Clay wanted to run for president, he had Webster felt that Jackson's Veto would help Clay defeat Jackson in the 1832 election.
The force act
Jackson's response to South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1832; enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act
Election of 1836
Jackson's selected appointment successor martin van buren from NY. Rigged the democratic convention. Van buren was supported by jacksonites but not enthusiastically. Whigs unable to nominate a single candidate, instead several "favorite sons", caused their loss Van Buren won by close popular vote, safe electoral majority. *Van Buren won, Democratic Candidate, inherited all of Jackson's enemies and all his problems--including a depressed economy.
Tariff of 1828
Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners.
Andrew Jackson Vice President
John C. Calhoun
The Eaton affair
John Eaton, Secretary of War, was rumored to have had an affair with Peggy Timberlake, whom he later married, before her husband died in 1828. She was snubbed by the wives of Jackson's cabinet (led by Calhoun's wife). The President wanted to help her because his wife had been the object of similar rumors. This turned Jackson against Calhoun, drew Van Buren and Jackson closer together and dissolved the Cabinet. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency the next year and entered the Senate for South Carolina.
Distribution act
Law requiring the distribution of the federal budget surplus to the states, creating chaos among state banks that had become dependent on such federal funds.
What were Jackson's vies on the Second Bank of the United States?
Like many other westerner's, Jackson viewed the bank as a monopoly that favored wealthy Easterners and limited western growth.
Who was Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State?
Martin Van Buren
True
Raised in a tavern, Peggy was shunned by the other cabinet members wives.
The nullification crisis
Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon
Independent treasury
President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vualts and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in depostits within shaky banks.
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
William Wirt
Presidential nominee for the Anti-Masonic Party.
Distribution act
Pressured by Henry Clay, the government distributed the surplus from selling western lands among the states as loans. Surplus was proportionately divided according to each state's representation in the two houses of Congress
Biddle Attempt to Save the Bank
Recalled loans made to state banks. Required banks to back loans with hard money Pet Banks, freed from the control of the National Bank, started lending money wildly, without hard money backing
Specie Circular
Required public land sales be completed only with hard money (gold or silver). Both acts put state banks in jeopardy who had to now distribute the surplus money to land speculators. Now that the land could only be purchased with gold or silver, no one had the money to purchase any more land
Osceola (2)
Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).
Osceola
Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837). *tricked into surrendering, was imprisoned and left to die.
Peggy Eaton
Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.
Ordinance of Nullification
South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them.
state rightists (Daniel Webster)
State government understands the needs of people When in doubt, rule in favor of the states 10th Amendment grants states more power
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it & would have the Indians removed from Georgia by force if necessary,
Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports ( 62% tariff on 92% of imported goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was said to have been passed not to raise money but to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.
Bank Recharter Bill
The Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress in 1791; it held government funds and was also commercial. It wasn't rechartered in 1811, but a second bank was established in 1816 (1/5 government owned). Jackson opposed it, saying it drove other banks out of business and favored the rich, but Clay favored it. Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.
Bank Recharter Bill
The Bank was not supposed to be Re-chartered until 1836. Clay, a candidate for president, and Daniel Webster engineered a bill through congress to re-charter the bank in 1832 rather than 1836 because Clay needed to discredit Jackson.
Trail of tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
True
The Jacksonians: A New Political Culture - Called themselves Democrats - Took specific stands on issues - Held nominating conventions - Included both city workers and rural farmers - Were opposed to tariffs and to the Central Bank - Did not deny that inequalities existed but wanted every man to have an equal chance to
Election of 1832, Anti-Masonic Party
The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles to which most educated or upper-class men of the Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election.
Election of 1836
The Whigs tried to eat the Democrats' national organization with an array of sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined.
Worcester v. Georgia
The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force.
Economic Chaos
The sale of public land and internal improvements drained state banks. Distribution Act Government distributed surplus monies as loans to state bank.
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Maysville Road project
This was vetoed by Andrew Jackson on the grounds of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution. Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road which was sponsored by Clay because it appeared to be a personal project.
What did Martin van Buren do to Jackson?
Van Buren turned Jackson against government sponsored internal improvements.
Daniel Webster
admitting that he was a "State Rightist." Webster made a nationalistic statement: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.
Ordinance of Nullification (1832)
declared the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 unconstitutional, and null and void within the borders of South Carolina, beginning the Nullification Crisis
Indian removal policy
enforced by Jackson whereby all Indian tribes in the East would be moved to lands west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rockies
Haynes
felt that the states created the Federal Government and could therefore nullify any law passed by it.
William Henry Harrison (Whig)
portrayed as a common man living in a log cabin
Rotation in office (Spoils System)
practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government
Nicholas Biddle
president of the Bank of the United States; known for bribes and corruption, President Jackson disliked him because Biddle was from a wealthy family and grew up educated and experienced in financial matters. Jackson came from humble beginnings and was self-made.
Can Buren
seen as an elitist who did not care about the common man
Tariff of 1832
the tariff that was supposed to abolish the evils of the "Tariff of Abominations" and quiet southern criticism
William Wirt
was a presidential candidate for Anti-Masonic party, 1832
