Ch 10 and 11
Giotto
(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.
Giovanni Boccaccio
(1313-1375) Florentine author of the "Decameron", a bawdy collection of stories told by a group of men and women staying the countryside in order to escape the effects of the Black Death.
Isabella of Castile
(1451-1504)Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.
Girolamo Savonarola
(1452-1498) Dominican friar, attacked government of Florence (Lorenzo de' Medici), corruption of Pope Alexander VI, became religious leader of Florence, eventually excommunicated and executed by pope, shows that common people did not share worldly outlook of elite
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."
Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.
Raphael
(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Martin Luther
(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas
Louis XI
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
John Wycliffe
(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. English religious reformer who translated the Bible into English
Ferdinand of Aragon
(r.1479-1516) Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.
German Peasants' Revolt
1524; peasants revolted against nobility; 100,000 dead, Luther disapproved- it needed to be peaceful
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
John Calvin
A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)
Presbyterians
A Protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox who imported Calvinistic ideals to Scotland in the mid-16th century.
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Excommunication
A censure by means of which a person is excluded from the communion of the faithful in response to a grave, habitual, public sin. A person is forbidden to have a ministerial role in the celebration of the sacraments and other public ceremonies, to receive the sacraments, or to exercise Church offices or ministries.
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Italian Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
Purgatory
A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven
Cosimo de Medici
A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes, He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, and was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); as head of the Office of Public Debt, He was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent
Index of Prohibited Books
A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.
Baldassare Castiglione
An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.
Act of Succession
An act passed by King Henry VIII before he died stating that Mary and Elizabeth could rule if Edward died childless.
Florentine Academy
An informal gathering of humanists devoted to the revival and teachings of Plato, founded in 1642 under the leadership of Marsilio Ficino ans the patronage of Cosimo de Medici
Transubstantiation
Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist : that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.
Huguenots
Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
Northern Renaissance
Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe, began later than the Italian Renaissance (circa 1450), centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany, featured a greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance
John Huss
Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation and attacked the corruption of clergy. Was excommunicated in 1409 and later was burned at the stake for heresy.
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)
Anglican Church
Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
Johann Tetzel
German monk who sold indulgences throughout the HRE as part of Pope Leo X's fundraising campaign.
Johann Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
Max Weber
German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
Frederick the Wise of Saxony
Hid Martin Luther to protect him from the threats of the Pope
Charles I of Spain/Emperor Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519-21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America. Eventually being pressured by protestantism he gave up the kingdom of naples and Austria, soon gave up the throne to his son and retired.
95 Theses
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
Lorenzo de Valla
Italian humanist, proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Lorenzo de Medici
Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)
Catherine of Aragon
King Henry VIII's first wife who gave birth to Mary, and from whom he wanted an annulment-sparking the events that would eventually lead up to the birth of the Church of England.
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation; Created the Anglican Church through the Act of Supremacy because the Pope would not grant him an annulment; His actions fostered the Protestant Reformation which led to many new sects of Christianity, religious wars across Europe, a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church and an increase in the power of monarchs
Francesco Petrarch
Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Diet of Worms (1521)
Luther summoned in front of HRE Emperor Charles V. Protected by Fredrick the Wise, granted safe passage and the hearing in Germany. Luther acknowledged his writings and refused to recant. Edict of Worms: Luther guilty of heresy and outlawed, to be seized and killed upon return to Wittenburg but Fredrick helped him escape to Wartburg Castle.
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Medici, Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
Predestination
Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.
Christine de Pisan
One of the few medieval women to earn a living by writing. She wrote poetry and books protesting the way women were both glorified and insulted by male authors.
Babylonian Captivity/Avignon Papacy
Period (1309-1378) where popes ruled Avignon rather than Rome; forced from Rome by civil strife, Avignon popes established sober and efficient organization that gave papacy more power in appointing churchmen
Act of Supremacy
Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.
Sir Thomas More
Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England. He believed that the basic problems of society were caused by greed. Law should exalt mercy above justice. Citizens who live by reason will live a nearly perfect life. Wrote Utopia (1478-1535)
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice was a causation of the Reformation.
Schmalkaldic League
Sixteenth-century military alliance of Lutheran princes of the Holy Roman Empire. It was originally a defensive alliance meant to protect Protestants from the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. However, the princes eventually began seizing Catholic territories and fought a war against Charles V. Though the League was defeated, it weakened the Holy Roman Empire substantially and emboldened other Protestant princes to challenge it.
Justification by faith
The belief that faith alone, not good work or church sacraments, had bearing on eternal destiny. This means poor and rich people were on an equal level in God's eyes.
Catholic Counter Reformation
The movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a result of the Protestant Reformation.
Henry the Navigator
This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.
Elect
Under the doctrine of predestination, those chosen for salvation
Pico della Mirandola
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
Council of Trent
a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church
Pope Julius II
also known as the warrior pope, hired Michalangelo to do the Sistine Chapel (based on the book of Genesis) and it is a fresco (painting on wet plaster)
Dante Alighieri
an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
Papal bull
an official letter or character issued by the Pope, named for the bulla, or wax seal, that was used to authenticate it.
Egalitarian
believing in the social and economic equality of all people
Henry Tudor/Henry VII
defeated Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field, "was crowned King Henry VII (r. 1485-1509). He founded the powerful Tudor dynasty. During the sixteenth century, the Tudors firmly established the power of the English monarchy and built the English nation into a major European power—a position England held for over four hundred years
Great Schism
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
Laity
laypersons; persons not connected with the clergy
Priesthood of believers
reformation principle that declares the privilege and freedom of all believing Christians is to stand before God in personal communion through Christ, directly receiving forgiveness without the necessary recourse to human intermediaries.
Albrecht Duhrer
the German Leonardo
English Calvinists (Puritans/Pilgrims/Separatists)
the most zealous English Protestants—followers of theologian John Calvin—sought to "purify" the Church of England of what they saw as its Catholic tendencies.