ch 10

Why were Judaism and Christianity significant religious breaks from older religions?

They rejected both polytheism and atheism.

Where did Muhammad receive his first revelation?

In a cave on Mount Hira

What is the significance of Muhammad being ummi?

Being illiterate suggests he could not have merely read and repeated previous prophecies.

What is the difference between a clan and a tribe?

Clans are comprised of families, and tribes are collections of clans.

How was Muhammad's character described?

Faithful and trustworthy

Why was Muhammad a trader with his uncle?

It was the only profession available to orphans.

Which is the most important Islamic city?

Mecca

Why did local tribes, including Muhammad's own, oppose his teachings?

Muhammad condemned their idolatry and polytheism

What are the key themes of the Quran?

Responsibility of man toward his creator and God in all aspects of life

What caused the split between Sunnis and Shi'as?

Sunnis feel Abu Bakr was the rightful first Caliph, while Shi'as feel Ali ibn Ali Talib is.

Consolidated into multiple city-states.

The strength of the Islamic community and the military conquests by the caliphs

How did the Abbasids modify the system of government?

They appointed emirs and viziers to delegate their central authority

How did the caliphs maintain authority over conquered territories?

They provided greater local autonomy, lowered taxes, and offered more religious freedom

What is the significance of the Constitution of Medina?

Though the veracity of its content is debated, it is one of the oldest Islamic documents.

What was the political status of Arabia in 632 CE?

United under Islam.