Ch 11 cog

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context

exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous.

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology?

Lexical priming

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

Reinforcement

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough.

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference.

causal

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _____ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence.

heuristic

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical structure.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language aquisition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab. Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

paragraph of text.

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

the meaning of a conversation.

Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.