Ch. 11 Imperialism and South Africa

Neil Barnard

former head of South Africa's National Intelligence Service and was notable for his behind-the-scenes role in preparing Nelson Mandela and South African presidents P.W. Botha and F. W. de Klerk for Mandela's eventual and, as he saw it, inevitable, release from prison and rise to political power

Willie esterhuyse

an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, a columnist and critic of the system of Apartheid.

Sharpeville

an event which occurred on 21 March 1960, at the police station in the South African township of Sharpeville in Transvaal (today part of Gauteng). After a day of demonstrations against pass laws, a crowd of about 5,000 to 7,000 black protesters went to the police station. The South African Police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people.

Steve Biko

anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s

Great trek

the 1830s, to escape the British, several thousand Boers began to move north. This movement has become known as the Great Trek

Motives for imperialism

Industrial revolution New market and raw materials Darwinism Belief in European superiority Missionaries.... convert to Christian Westernize No unity in Africa so easy to comtrol

Berlin conference

14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference in 1884-85 to lay down rules for the division of Africa. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area

Maji maji rebelliom

1905, the belief suddenly arose that a magic water (maji-maji) sprinkled on their bodies would turn the Germans' bullets into water. The uprising became known as the Maji Maji rebellion. Over 20 different ethnic groups united to fight for their freedom. It failed because they tried to defeat the Germans with spears, and the Germans mowed them down with machine guns

Soweto uprising

1976, young students protesting Afrikaans gathered, the police shot into a crowd running away which caused international outrage.

Threee Reason apartheid ended

2 million unemployed blacks, shrinking white minority, continued black resistance, international pressure, economy suffering from international sanctions, end of communism in 1989 (allied with anti-apartheids against whites)

ANC

African national congress

Sphere of influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Result of Berlin conlfict

Any euro country can slack South Africa by notifying claim to other country's No African rulers invite to meeting

Boer war

Boer War (also known as the South African War) between the British and the Boers, Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against the British. The British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps.

Nigeria

Britain gained control through diplomatic and military means Some local rulers accepted british and others did not, rebelling. British conquest of Nigeria done by "Royal Niger Company". They gained control of palm-oil trade along "Niger River" after Berlin Conference gave British power over the River delta. 1914- entire Nigeria was British Colony Most culturally diverse area in Africa - difficult to govern people (250 different ethnic groups) Britain didn't have enough troops to govern this complex area → indirect rule of land

Difference between French rule and British ruke

Britain used indirect control and let the countries somewhat govern themselves. France brought their own leaders in to enforce their type of government and rule.

Know the difference between colonialism, sphere of influence, and protectorate

Colonialism- the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Sphere of Influence- area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. Protectorate- country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power.

Ideological motive

Cultural values, whites are better and superior, other cultures are primitive, Europeans should civivilize others, only strong will survive

Dutch east India company

Dutch East India Company established control over most of the 3,000-mile-long chain of Indonesian islands. The Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1602, actively sought lands in Southeast Asia. It seized Malacca from the Portuguese and fought the British and Javanese for control of Java.

Jan van Riebeck

Dutch colonial administrator and colonizer of Cape Town. East India Company

Colonial history of south africa

Dutch settled Trek Boers move north -> run into KhoiKhoi + Xhosa and fight over territory English takeover Cape for Dutch returned Cape to Dutch East India Company Company goes bankrupt -> British annex Cape (abolish slavery + preach equality of races) Great Trek 1880-1902: 2 Boer Wars (1st Boers win, 2nd English win) 1910: Union of South Africa is created English give land back to Afrikaners -> beginning of apartheid

Who were the boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Menelik II

Emperor of ethiopia 1889 Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other (they were all trying to bring Ethiopia into their sphere of influence Got modern weapons from Europe Italians claimed they were just protecting ethiopia, but Menelik thought otherwise, stared war Battle of Adowa - Ethiopia wins! (they keep modern weapons)

What were the reasons that Europeans began this new period of Imperialism?

Eureopeans demanded more influence over edonkoic political and social lives Determine to shape other lands to benefit themselves Wanted people to adopt Europeans customs

Exploratory motive

Explore unknown, scientific research, investigate unknown, find cure for diseases

Direct ruke

Foreign officials in rule No self rule Assimilation Government based on Europe

Political motive

Gain power, expand territory, boost national pride, winning colonies

Problem with how South Africa divided

Little thought about African eghjmc groups Africans had no say

Indirect rule

Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutes are based on European styles but may have local rulers.

How did menelik keep Europe out of Africa

Menelik turned many of the nations against each other and purchased modern weapons from France and Russia. When he realized that Italy was trying to seize all of Ethiopia with their treaty he declared war, and won successfully. What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85?

Dr. livingstone

Scottish congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of the late-19th-century in Victorian Britain.

Thabo mbeki

South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.

Cyril ramaphosa

South African politician, businessman, activist, and trade union leader General of ANC

Religious korive

Spread Christianity, protect missionaries, spread Europeans morals, end slave trade in afrixa

Apartheid

System of extreme segregation, people of class were on a lower level of humanity Intentional division of quality of life

Pass laws

The south african government initiated the pass laws to limit the movement/rights of the Blacks in south africa It was illegal for a black person not to have their pass, they get jailed for not having it At any time, a white person can ask to see it

Social darwinism

Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. According to the theory, non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that Europeans had

Economic motive

To make money, cheap work, raw materials, trade, new markets to sell

FW de klerk

Was elected president of South Africa in 1989 during the deadlock, in 1990 he unbanned all political groups. He also released Nelson Mandela and entered negotiations with the ANC.

Shaka

Zulu chief, Shaka, used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state

Michael younf

businessman with a political background. He secretly organised the meetings between the South African government and the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC).

King Leopoldo II

commissioned Stanley to obtain land in the Congo, Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs, giving leopold of Belgium control of the lands.

Protectorate

country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

colony

country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Henry Stanley

hired to find Dr.Livingstone, he was later commissioned by King Leopold II to obtain land in the Congo. 1879-1882 Stanley signed contracts with local Congo chiefs, giving control to Leopoldo.

Nelson Mandela

leader of the ANC. Sent to prison for being in ANC. became first African president of South Africa

Pw botha

the leader of South Africa from 1978 to 1989, serving as the last Prime Minister from 1978 to 1984 and the first executive State President from 1984 to 1989. For apartheid

Battle of Blood river

the name given for the battle fought between 470 Voortrekkers ("Pioneers"), led by Andries Pretorius, and an estimated 15,000-21,000 Zulu attackers on the bank of the Ncome River on 16 December 1838

Rivonia trial

took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964. The Rivonia Trial led to the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela (Robben's Island) and the others among the accused who were convicted on life sentences.