Ch. 11 Information and Data Management: Organizing, Verifying, Maintaining, and Accessing

Manufacturing Resource Planning II (MRP II)

Information system that is an extension of MRP that also includes product packaging and shipping, machine scheduling, financial planning, demand forecasting, tracking labor productivity, and monitoring product quality.

attribute

Term used by developers of relational databases for field.

relation

Term used by developers of relational databases for file.

tuple

Term used by developers of relational databases for record.

column

Term used by users of relational databases for field.

table

Term used by users of relational databases for file.

row

Term used by users of relational databases for record.

Big Data

Term used to describe the widespread growth of data, the variety of formats, in which this data is available, and the processing required to make this data accessible in a timely manner.

recovery utility

Tool that uses logs and/or backups, and either a rollforward or a rollback technique, to restore a database when it becomes damaged or destroyed.

collaborative database

Web databases where users store and share photos, videos, recordings, and other personal media with other registered users.

customer relationship management (CRM)

Information system that manages information about customers, past purchases, interests, and the day-to-day interactions, such as phone calls, email messages, web communications, and instant messaging sessions.

human resources information system (HRIS)

Information system that manages one or more administrative human resources functions, such as maintaining and managing employee benefits, schedules, and payroll.

Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)

Information system that monitors and controls inventory, material purchases, and other processes related to manufacturing operations.

verifiable information

Information that can be proven as correct or incorrect.

timely information

Information that has an age suited to its use.

useful information

Information that has meaning to the person who receives it.

organized information

Information that is arranged to suit the needs and requirements of the decision maker.

accessible information

Information that is available when the decision maker needs it.

accurate information

Information that is error free.

cost-effective information

Information that provides more value than it costs to produce.

composite key

Primary key that consists of multiple fields.

function creep

Problem that occurs when a company uses the technology intended for one purpose for another.

file maintenance

Procedures that keep data current.

data mining

Process used with data warehouses to find patterns and relationships among data.

batch processing

Processing technique in which the computer collects data over time and processes all transactions later, as a group.

online transaction processing (OLTP)

Processing technique in which the computer processes each transaction as it is entered.

online analytical processing (OLAP)

Programs that analyze data, such as those in a decision support system.

default value

A value that a DBMS initially displays in a field.

data entry form

A window on the screen that provides areas for entering or modifying data in a database.

form

A window on the screen that provides areas for entering or modifying data in a database.

backup

Duplicate of content on a storage medium that you can use in case the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.

data type

Specifies the kind of data a field in a database can contain and how the field is used.

database

A collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data.

data file

A collection of related records stored on a storage medium such as a hard drive or optical disc.

field

A combination of one or more related characters or bytes and is the smallest unit of data a user accesses.

database server

A computer that stores and provides access to a database.

principle of least privilege policy

Policy adopted by some organizations, where users' access privileges are limited to the lowest level necessary to perform required tasks.

foreign key

An attribute in one entity that exists in another entity as a primary key.

data dictionary

A DBMS element that contains data about each file in a database and each field in those files.

repository

A DBMS element that contains data about each file in a database and each field in those files.

continuous backup

A backup plan in which changes are backed up as they are made.

object

A database item that contains data, as well as the actions that read or process the data.

multidimensional database

A database that stores data in dimensions.

object-oriented database (OODB)

A database that stores data in objects.

relational database

A database that stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns.

GIS (Geographical information system)

A database that stores maps and other geographic data.

primary key

A field that uniquely identifies each record in a file.

e-form (electronic form)

A form that sends entered data across a network or the Internet.

record

A group of related fields.

relationship

A link within the data in a relational database.

log

A listing of activities that modify the contents of the database.

character

A number, letter, punctuation mark, or other symbol that is represented by a single byte in the ASCII coding scheme.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

A popular query language that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data.

front end

A program that generally has a more user-friendly interface than a DBMS.

query

A request for specific data from a database.

information system

A set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information.

inference rules

A set of logical judgments that are applied to the knowledge base each time a user describes a situation to the expert system.

data mart

A smaller version of a data warehouse.

garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)

A technology phrase that points the accuracy or output depends on the accuracy of the input.

database software

An application that allows users to create, access, and manage a database.

back end

An application that supports a front-end program.

transaction processing system

An information system that captures and processes data from day-to-day business activities.

expert system

An information system that captures and stores the knowledge of human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision making.

BLOB

Binary large object

report generator

DBMS feature that allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report.

report writer

DBMS feature that allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report.

query by example (QBE)

DBMS feature that has a graphical user interface to assist users with retrieving data.

external sources

Data from outside a company that is used by a decision support system, such as interest rates, population trends, costs of new housing construction, or raw material pricing.

internal sources

Data from within a company that is used by a decision support system, such as databases, sales orders, MRP and MRP II results, inventory records, or financial data from accounting and financial analyses.

Boolean

Data type consisting of Yes or No, or True or False, values.

distributed database

Database in which the data exists in many separate locations throughout a network or the Internet.

data warehouse

Huge database that stores and manages the data required to analyze historical and current transactions.

computer-aided engineering (CAE)

Information system that aids in the development and testing of product designs, and often includes CAD (computer-aided design).

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Information system that controls production equipment, such as drills, lathes, and milling machines. The use of computers to assist with manufacturing processes such as fabrication and assembly.

management information system (MIS)

Information system that generates accurate, timely, and organized information, so that managers and other users can make decisions, solve problems, supervise activities, and track progress.

salesforce automation (SFA)

Information system that helps salespeople manage customer contacts, schedule customer meetings, log customer interactions, manage product information, and place customer orders.

decision support system

Information system that helps users analyze information and make decisions.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Information system that integrates MRP II with the information flow across an organization to manage and coordinate the ongoing activities of the enterprise, including product planning, manufacturing and distribution, accounting and finance, sales, human resources, and customer support.

query language

Language used with databases that consists of simple, English-like statements that allows users to specify the data they want to display, print, store, update, or delete.

field name

Name that uniquely identifies each field in a database.

exception criteria

Out-of-the-ordinary conditions that define the normal activity or status range in an exception report.

data modeler

Person who focuses on the meaning and usage of data, including proper placement of fields, defining the relationships among data, and identifying users' access privileges.

database analyst (DA)

Person who focuses on the meaning and usage of data, including proper placement of fields, defining the relationships among data, and identifying users' access privileges.

database administrator (DBA)

Person who requires a more technical inside view of the data, including creating and maintaining the data dictionary, managing security of the database, monitoring the performance of the database, and checking backup and recovery.

object query language (OQL)

Query language used with object-oriented and object-relational databases to manipulate and retrieve data.

forward recovery

Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to reenter changes made to the database since the last save or backup.

rollforward

Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to reenter changes made to the database since the last save or backup.

backward recovery

Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to undo any changes made to the database during a certain period.

rollback

Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to undo any changes made to the database during a certain period.

summary report

Report generated by a management information system that consolidates data usually with totals, tables, or graphs, so that managers can review it quickly and easily.

exception report

Report generated by a management information system that identifies data outside of a normal condition.

detailed report

Report generated by a management information system that usually lists just transactions.

data model

Rules and standards that define how users view the organization of the data in a database.

document management system (DMS)

System that allows for storage and management of a company's documents, such as word processing documents, presentations, and spreadsheets.

content management system (CMS)

System that enables and manages the publishing, modification, organization, and access of various forms of documents and other files, including media and webpages, on a network or the web.

file processing system

System used to store and manage data in which each department or area within an organization has its own set of files.

artificial intelligence (AI)

The application of human intelligence to computer.

knowledge base

The combined subject knowledge and experience of the human experts used in an expert system.

validation

The process of comparing data with a set of rules or values to determine if the data is correct.

data integrity

The quality of the data in a database.

check digit

Validity check consisting of a number(s) or character(s) that is appended to or inserted in a primary key.

range check

Validity check that determines whether a number is within a specified range.

alphabetic check

Validity check that ensures that users enter only alphabetic data into a field.

numeric check

Validity check that ensures that users enter only numeric data into a field.

consistency check

Validity check that tests the data in two or more associated fields to ensure that the relationship is logical and their data is in the correct format.

completeness check

Validity check that verifies that a required field contains data.

database management system (DBMS)

software that allows users to create a computerized database; add, modify, and delete data in the database; sort and retrieve data from the database; and create forms and reports from the data in the database.