Ch. 11: Quiz

Regarding psychological tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?

One problem with objective tests is their stimulus pull

Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the importance of an individual's efficacy expectations, by which is meant _____

Our beliefs about our own abilities to perform tasks we set out to accomplish

Regarding self-efficacy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Successful experiences boost self-efficacy in children but not in adults

According to Allport, secondary traits

Reflect superficial differences between people

Regarding the definition of personality, all but which of the following belong?

Relatively unstable

____ consists of 567 true-false items that produce scores on 10 clinical scales and additional scales measuring other personality dimensions and response tendencies

The MMPI-2

All but which of the following are premises of Adler's individual psychology?

The creative self is a mostly unconscious part of the personality

Abraham Maslow believed all but which of the following?

The majority of humans become fully self-actualized by the time they reach old age

Your textbook defines personality as ____

The relatively stable set of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that make individuals unique and account for the consistency of their behavior over time

Wanda takes a personality test in which she is required to tell stories in response to a series of ambiguous pictures? Which test is Wanda taking?

Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as true of people with an internal focus of control as compared to those with an external focus of control?

They are better able to start exercising when overweight

Which of the following has NOT been voiced as a criticism of trait theories?

They cannot be measured by psychological inventories

A(n) ___ culture is one that emphasizes social roles and obligations

collectivistic

Social-cognitive theorists believe that personality is

composed of learned behavior and the ways that individuals think about themselves and the world

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?

conscious

A strategy that prevents awareness of unacceptable desires a ____, and the ____ makes use of such strategies

defense mechanisms; ego

In Freudian theory, the failure to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called

denial

It is often said of substance abusers that the first step in recovery is admitting they have a problem. In Freudian terms, we might say they need to overcome

denial

According to the text, Parvati can enhance her self-esteem by doing all but which of the following?

developing a strong need for social approval

Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole office. When Ingmar returns home, he yells at his wife and children and kicks his dog. This is an example of

displacement

Herschel believes that he will be able to perform the behaviors necessary for him to succeed at college. Bandura used the term ___ to describe Herschel's beliefs

efficacy expectations

In psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that organizes ways to handle delays of gratification and represents "reason and good sense" is the

ego

Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"?

ego

In psychoanalytic theory, ____ is to reality principle as ___ is to pleasure principle

ego; id

In Freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as

erogenous zones

Which of the following is not one of the four basic personality types derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory?

extraverted-psychotic

Current research on the "factors" of personality suggests that there are ___ major personality factors that best describe human personality

five

The most widely adopted trait model of personality today is the

five-factor model

The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that too much or too little gratification at a psychosexual stage may result in

fixation

From Freud's perspective, a boy resolves his Oedipus complex by

forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and identifying with his father

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was designed to

help clinicians diagnose mental disorders

Freud might say that someone who was displaying excessive aggression was acting according to his or her

id

According to Adler, because of their small size and limited abilities, all children harbor feelings of

inferiority

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the preconscious consists of ____

information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time

Rorschach test is to ____ as Thematic Apperception Test is to ____

inkblot; picture

Rorschach developed a famous personality test that uses ___ as stimuli

inkblots

The construct of ___ represents the belief that behavior involves an interrelationship between personality traits and situational factors

interactionism

In comparison to psychodynamic and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes, humanistic theory

is more positive and endorses the idea of personal freedom

Emmanuel teaches fourth graders. At which stage of psychosexual development can Emmanuel expect the majority of his students to be?

latency

In personality testing, self-report personality inventories are also known as

objective tests

Which type of learning did Bandura emphasize in his social-cognitive theory?

observational learning

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's phallic stage of development?

Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants

____ are the most widely used method for learning about personality today

Formal personality tests

Ruth has conflicting feelings about getting married that she has not allowed to enter her consciousness. On the night before her wedding, Ruth says, "Tomorrow I'm going to my funeral." Ruth's comment is an example of a(n)

Freudian slip

Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test?

Henry Murray

Which neo-Freudian raised the idea that men may experience "womb envy"

Horney

Psychodynamic theory has been criticized on all but which of the following grounds?

It places too much emphasis on social influences

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's latency stage of development?

Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys

Cybill takes a personality test based on Eysenck's theory and finds that her "type" is extraverted-stable. Which description most likely fits Cybill?

Lively, carefree, and sociable

Who are the two main contributors to the humanistic perspective?

Maslow and Rogers

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype?

A primitive image that reflexes ancestral or universal human experiences

Darius scores high on psychoticism. In which way is Darius likely to be perceived by others?

Antisocial, hostile, and insensitive

The idea of reciprocal determinism was developed by

Bandura

The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are

Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel

Who developed the 16PF personality test?

Cattell

Of the following suggestions for how we can build our self-esteem, which is most likely to have been made by Albert Ellis?

Challenge the need for constant approval

Which of the following best describes Bandura's ideas about the relationship between behavior, cognition, and environment?

Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment mutually influence each other

____'s model of personality describes personality in terms of three major traits: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

Eysenck

Regarding Eysenck's model of personality, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Eysenck's trait model is more complicated than Cattell's

A major contribution of Jung to the psychodynamic approach was his belief in

a collective unconscious

In humanistic theory of Rogers and Maslow, personality is best described as

a process, rather than an outcome

Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious, which is ____

a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans

In the five-factor model of personality, the extent to which a person is sensitive, warm, and tolerant versus callous, cold, and hostile is captured, and hostile is captured in which personality factor?

agreeableness

Regarding the phallic stage of personality development, which of the following does NOT belong?

anal-expulsive personality

Federico is a perfectionist with a strong need for self-control, order, and cleanliness. Freud would describe Federico as having a(n)

anal-retentive personality

Hans Eysenck thought that personality differences result from ____

biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

In applying the concept of building self-esteem in our personal lives, most of the skills valued in our society are

capable of being achieved by most people

Mahatma Gandhi's lifelong commitment to non-violent solutions to social problems would likely be considered an example of a(n) ___ trait

cardinal

Raymond Cattell thought that surface traits are ___

characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior

Rationalization is

using self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior

Francis is passive, clingy, and dependent, with a pessimistic outlook on life. In which psychosexual stage might Francis be fixated?

oral

Psychologist Walter Mischel emphasizes the importance of self-regulatory systems and plans, by which is meant _____

our ability to plan courses of action to achieve our goals and to reward ourselves for accomplishing our goals

Abraham Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, by which he meant _____

our innate drive to become all that we are capable of being

Shawn is more likely to smoke marijuana in situations where he believes it will make hime relaxed than in situations where he feels he will make a fool of himself. Shawn's ideas about smoking marijuana reflect his

outcome expectations

Watson and Skinner believed that

personality is shaped by rewards and punishments

Gordon Allport thought that cardinal traits are ____

pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex arises during which stage of psychosexual development?

phallic

According to the text, the most important influence of the social-cognitive theorists was the

presentation of the view that people are active seekers and interpreters of information, not just responders to environmental influences

According to Freud, the purpose of defense mechanisms is to

prevent threatening thoughts from attaining awareness

You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of ego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. This psychologists represents which view of personality?

psychoanalytic

Objective (self-report) personality tests are generally considered to be

valid indicators of personality factors

After six-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be a case of

regression

From the psychoanalytic perspective, it is possible for a person to unconsciously banish unacceptable wishes, urges, and impulses. This type of motivated forgetting, thought by Freud to be a primary defense mechanism, is called

repression

Paul forgets to call his mother-in-law on her birthday. He says it just slipped his mind. In the Freudian view, this type of forgetting may represent the defense mechanism of

repression

The U.S. Army's slogan, "Be all that you can be" is most consistent with which concept from personality theory?

self-actualization

Regarding self-esteem, which of the following statements is FALSE?

self-esteem is primarily a fixed quality

Emma's sense of who or what she should be is her

self-ideal

In Mischel's theory, which person variable concerns the ability to plan courses of action to achieve goals and obtain rewards?

self-regulatory systems and plans

An extension of behaviorism that includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other people on our behavior is called

social-cognitive theory

Cathleen takes the 16PF test of personality. This test will measure Cathleen's ___ traits.

source

Frank says, "My conscience is bothering me." Using Freud's terminology, Frank is referring to his

superego

From a psychoanalytic perspective, someone with a very strong sense of morality might be described as having a very strong

superego

In Cattell's model, characteristics of personality that can be inferred from behavior are called

surface traits

According to humanists, personality is

the expression of conscious experience of directing ourselves towards achieving our own unique potentials

Social-cognitive theorist Mischel's most recent work focuses on

the interaction of emotions and person variables

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the superego consists of ___

the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious

Alfred Adler's individual psychology emphasized the importance of the creative self, which is ____

the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior

Regression is

the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called

traits

According to Freud, most of the human mind resides in the ___, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the ____.

unconscious; unconscious