Ch. 12

Which chemical or combination of chemicals would most stimulate eating behavior?

2-DG and mercaptoacetate

In a five-year follow-up of persons who lost weight in a fifteen-week behavioral program, some ________ percent were able to maintain their weight loss.

3

Which pair of peptides below act as anorexigens?

CART; alpha-MSH

Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?

Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating.

Habituational marijuana smokers often experience the 'munchies' due to the THC being an agonist for

Endocannabinoids

The 4 fluid compartments in the body are the

Extracellular& intracellular: intravascular, cerebrospinal, interstitial

___________ does not stimulate insulin secretion or enhance leptin production, so it is less likely to trigger satiety mechanisms.

Fructose

_____ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ____.

Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose

________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________.

Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose

________ is a probably key dietary factor for inducing obesity.

High-fructose corn syrup

Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?

Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding.

_____________ inhibit(s) NPY and AGRP which, in turn, results in less orexin and MCH release.

Leptin.

The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is

Loss of intracellular water

Ghrelin acts on ________ neurons to stimulate feeding.

NPY

There are many substances in the brain and body that trigger hunger. This one, however, triggers hunger even if giving into that hunger involves eating bitter foods or receiving shocks to the mouth during eating.

NPY

Which pair below act as orexigens?

NPY; AGRP

The ________ regions of the lamina terminalis contain osmoreceptors.

OVLT and subfornical organ

Which of the following is true of leptin?

Obese humans have normal plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection.

____________ chemicals tend to decrease metabolic rate, and ____________ chemicals tend to increase it.

Orexigenic; anorexigenic

The release of ___ & ____ by the lateral hypothalamus increase eating .

Orexin & melanin-concentrating hormone

The primary location of osmoreceptors within brain is within the

Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis

In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?

Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons.

If you feel warm in your room & prefer the temp to be about 5 degrees cooler, your ideal temp would be your

Set point

The median preoptic nucleus

Stimulates thirst and drinking

If a person continues to fast beyond the short term reservoir is broken down into glycerol & fatty acids. Fatty acids can be metabolized by

The cells of the body

It is considered a bad idea to skip breakfast because

The glucose stored in the liver can be depleted after an overnight fast

The entry of ingested food into the duodenum can suppress further eating via

The suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach

Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?

The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years.

Which of the following would be expected to be useful for the treatment of obesity?

a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors

Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by

acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain.

The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to

an effect of starvation.

A key aspect of anorexia nervosa is

an intense fear of obesity.

The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that

anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging.

Research shows that thirsty individuals have continued activation of the lamina terminalis after drinking, but the signals from the _____________ return to baseline levels.

anterior cingulate cortex

Imaging studies in humans given a hypertonic thirst suggest that the ________ is involved in the unpleasantness of osmometric thirst, while the ________ detects the tonicity of the blood plasma.

anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis

Targeted mutation in mice that prevented the production of insulin receptors in the brain without affecting their production elsewhere in the body resulted in mice that

became obese.

During the absorptive phase of metabolism,

blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas.

To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ________ and the other that records the volume of the ________.

blood; cells

When insulin is present, glucose can be utilized by

both the brain and the body.

The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as

bulimia

The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for use

by the central nervous system.

Intracellular fluid includes

cell cytoplasm.

The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are

cells of the brain

When insulin is not present, glucose can be utilized by

cells of the brain.

Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect

changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell.

If ghrelin levels remain high continuously, an individual would likely experience

continuous eating behavior.

A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves

contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins.

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by

decreasing plasma ghrelin levels.

The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving

distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum.

The effects of neuropeptide Y on ________ are localized within the ________.

eating; lateral hypothalamus

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

elicits eating and drinking.

Habitual marijuana smokers often experience the munchies due to THC being an agonist for

endocannabinoids

One explanation for why it is hard to maintain a low-calorie diet is that

food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger.

Which of these is a substance that would trigger hunger?

ghrelin

Match the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.

ghrelin; eating

Nutrient detectors in the brain are sensitive to

glucoprivation.

Cells of the liver convert ____________ into _____________.

glucose; glycogen

A fall in glucose levels causes the secretion of glucagon, which converts ____________ into _____________.

glycogen; glucose

The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.

homeostasis

Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis

impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline.

Administration of endocannabinoids, substances related to THC, stimulates eating by

increasing the release of MCH and orexin.

We know that nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because

infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut.

In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after

infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.

A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thirst involves

ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips.

Leptin inhibits eating via

inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus.

Cholecystokinin

inhibits eating

The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is

insulin.

Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in

insulin; eating

Nearly two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid.

intracellular

Which fluid compartments must be precisely regulated within certain limits?

intravascular; intracellular

Ob mice lack which satiety signal?

leptin

The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces

leptin

Detectors for glucose are located within the

liver

Which of the following would activate the volumetric thirst system without an action on osmometric thirst?

loss of blood after an automobile trauma

A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that

low blood volume leads to heart failure.

Match up the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.

mercaptoacetate; eating

Osmoreceptors change their firing rate in response to

movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic.

The peptides ________ and ________ act in the hypothalamus to increase eating in the rat.

orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone

Which terms below are synonymous?

orexins; hypocretins

Zhang and colleagues report that ________ are mechanoreceptors that induce membrane ______.

osmoreceptors; depolarization

Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ________, whereas electrical stimulation ________.

produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating

An important physiological effect of angiotensin is to

promote the consumption of salt.

The observation that the incidence of obesity has greatly increased over a few decades is unlikely to be due to

rapid changes in the gene pool.

Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to

reflect the thirst state of the subject.

The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n)

satiety signal.

The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the

set point.

Participants had an infusion of a glucose solution. Participants reported increased fullness and reduced hunger when the solution was infused into the

stomach

Angiotensin within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the

subfornical organ.

Sensory factors that can influence satiety include

taste

Which of the following is an example of the systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven?

the air temperature in the oven

Studies of feeding using decerebrate rats indicate that

the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow.

Which behavioral capacity below is retained in the decerebrate rat?

the capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals

When a person continues to fast beyond the short-term reservoir, the fat in the long-term reservoir is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be metabolized by

the cells of the body.

During the fasting phase of metabolism,

the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin.

Our long-term fuel reservoir contains ________ and is located in ________.

triglycerides; fat cells

The liver sends information about available glucose and fatty acid levels to the brain via the ____________ nerve.

vagus