ch 12

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate:

a self-serving bias.

This afternoon, Crystal's boss wants to meet with her. She is sure it is about the customers who complained about her yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for Crystal's boss to decide that her behavior was the result of:

a situational attribution.

The behavioral component of an attitude is reflected through one's:

actions

Social influence refers to how people:

affect each other.

During a discussion on fast food restaurants, Reginald stated, "Fast food is great. I just love southern fried chicken, fries, coleslaw, and milkshakes." This statement represents the _____ component of Reginald's positive attitude toward fast-food restaurants.

affective

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia and cause her to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

Nadine has consistent thoughts and feelings about a website used to enroll in health insurance. Nadine has a(n):

attitude

The learned tendency to evaluate an object, person, or issue in a particular way (as positive, negative, or ambivalent) is called a(n):

attitude

During President Obama's campaign, he worked to instill hope, change, and international cooperation in voters. His goal was to modify:

attitudes

When raising children, parents work to instill in them a sense of right and wrong. Parents are MOST clearly instilling:

attitudes

Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own as:

attribution

All the members of the MacGregor household are enthusiastic supporters of their community's new recycling program. They consistently sort their garbage by placing paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum in their respective bins. The actions of the MacGregors illustrate the _____ component of attitudes.

behavioral

Kitty Genovese's brutal murder triggered hundreds of investigations into the conditions under which people will help others. According to this research, which factor decreases the likelihood of helping behavior?

believing that others are present or imagining they are (the bystander effect)

The _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the LESS likely each individual is to help someone in distress.

bystander effect

The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment are referred to as social:

cognition

Just moments after dozens of people get off a bus, a badly dressed man stumbles and falls on the sidewalk near the bus stop. Research on bystander intervention suggests that:

if one person stops to help him, other people are likely to help as well.

A(n) _____ is a human category of which a person is a member, and a(n) _____ is a human category of which a person is not a member.

in-group; out-group

The Focus on Neuroscience box discusses the brain reward systems involved in making eye contact with attractive people. Kampe et al. (2001) assessed activation in several brain areas while participants viewed photographs of faces either looking directly at or away from the viewer. Whether the faces looked at or away from the viewer was a(n) _____ variable in this study.

independent

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____.

individualistic Western countries; East Asian cultures

The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior are also known as social:

influence

Social psychology is the study of how:

other people influence an individual's thoughts and behavior.

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely to occur when:

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

Homophobia is usually defined as uncomfortable, negative, or fearful feelings toward gays and lesbians. Based on the textbook's discussion, homophobia is BEST seen as an example of:

prejudice

Lyle is studying alone late Friday night in the almost deserted library. His concentration is interrupted when he notices another student nearby slumped over his desk, making sounds that suggest he might be in pain. In this situation, it is very likely that Lyle will engage in _____, because he is NOT constrained by _____.

prosocial behavior; the bystander effect

Dr. Chen found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups than when each student completed an individual project. This difference may be explained by the phenomenon of:

social loafing.

The tendency for individuals to work harder when they are in a group than when they are working alone is called:

social striving.

A person who tends to work harder when in a group than when alone, a pattern referred to as _____, would be most likely to come from a(n) _____ culture.

social striving; collectivistic

Courtney is enrolled in an advanced physics class at her high school. She is one of only three girls in the class, and she is aware of the notion that girls are poorer at math and science than are boys. This knowledge may actually hinder Courtney's performance in the class as a result of:

stereotype threat.

People often commit the fundamental attribution error when they explain:

the behavior of strangers they have observed in just one situation.

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes hears a swimmer cry for help. However, he continues walking because he figures that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity will provide help if it is necessary. His reaction BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect.

The affective component of an attitude is reflected in:

the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic.

In a study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:

when they thought they were the only one

_____ psychologists explore how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social

_____ psychologists investigate human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to other people.

Social

_____ was the American social psychologist BEST known for his pioneering studies of conformity.

Solomon Asch

_____ involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.

The fundamental attribution error

In which condition would one's attitudes be unlikely to influence one's behavior?

when one is not particularly interested in the subject.

Dr. Cheng studies social influence. He is concerned because he is finding that rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher. What might account for this difference?

Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that prizes collectivism, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.

Dalton is walking through town to get a sandwich on his lunch break one day. He sees an old woman trip and fall down a couple of stairs. No one else is around to help her. Based on research findings, what is Dalton MOST likely to do?

He will try to help her.

Which example illustrates the "feel good, do good," effect?

Nelson was given a promotion at work and later that day when the firefighter's association called him for a donation, he readily obliged.

_____ refers to an individual's unique sense of identity in relation to other people.

Sense of self

Which statement is true?

Similarity is a more important factor in Western cultures than in Eastern cultures.

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

Social

When Inge was first elected to the student finance committee, she was asked to make a decision on some important financial matter with which she was unfamiliar. All the other members of the committee stated that they were going to vote against the proposal. Inge voted with the group because she assumed that they must have the correct information. This example illustrates:

informational social influence.

The _____ hypothesis involves the assumption that the world is fair, and therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

just-world

The jury deliberated on a rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, she practically asked to be assaulted. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of the:

just-world hypothesis.

According to the text, which example BEST demonstrates aggression?

kicking the family cat

Fraser loves wearing sandals and hates wearing shoes. However, when he went out to dinner with his girlfriend's family, he wore shoes because he did not want to face their disapproval. Fraser's behavior illustrates the importance of:

normative social influence.

One's tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal, personal causes, while attributing failures to external, situational causes, is called the _____ bias.

self-serving

According to the bystander effect, if one has a heart attack in public, it is probably BEST if there is a _____ around.

small group of people

The psychological study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called _____ psychology.

social

Social psychology involves the study of:

social behavior, social influence, and social cognition.

Professor Henry's area of research involves the study of the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment, including person perception, attribution, attitudes, and prejudice. Professor Henry works in the area of:

social cognition.

To make sense of their social situation, people use mental processes known as:

social cognition.

Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This MOST likely reflects:

social facilitation.

The psychological process of "blaming the victim" is BEST explained by:

the just-world hypothesis.

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is BEST explained in terms of:

the just-world hypothesis.

Stereotype threat can actually cause people to conform to the given stereotype because:

the negative views directed toward them lead them to play the expected role.

The three components of the interpersonal context are:

the person being perceived, one's own characteristics, and the specific situation in which the process occurs.

A bike messenger is hit by a car while delivering a package on the streets of Boston. Several people come to his aid, MOST likely because:

they see that others are also willing to help.

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group may hinder one's performance in a particular domain; this phenomenon is known as stereotype:

threat

Social cognition refers to how people:

understand each other.