Ch 12 Psychological Disorders Questions

One of the most famous cases of ____ ____ disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) was the "three faces of Eve."

dissociative identity

____ play an important role in the development and persistence of ASD.

genes

The ____ perspective involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural.

biopsychosocial

It is estimated that around _____ 8-year-olds are affected by ASD. a. 1 in 250 b. 1 in 500 c. 1 in 70 d. 1 in 1000

c. 1 in 70

A neurodevelopmental disorder that is marked by persistent problems in maintaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities is _____. a. anxiety disorder b. ASD c. ADHD d. schizophrenia

c. ADHD

What disorder is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry? a. Agoraphobia b. Schizophrenia c. Generalized anxiety disorder d. Obsessive compulsive disorder e. Panic disorder

c. Generalized anxiety disorder

Someone who shows persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions in addition to engaging in repetitive behaviors would likely be diagnosed with _____. a. autism spectrum disorder b. Down Syndrome c. anxiety-related disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder

a. autism spectrum disorder

The diagnosis of DID is rare and occurs mostly in _____. a. women b. men c. boys d. girls

a. women

What disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness? a. Mood disorder b. Panic disorder c. Personality disorder d. Bipolar disorder

b. Panic disorder

Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders? (Select all that apply.) a. Schizophrenia b. Panic disorder c. Specific phobia d. Generalized anxiety disorder e. Dysthymic disorder

b. Panic disorder c. Specific phobia d. Generalized anxiety disorder

What are the hypothesized "causes" of DID? (Select all that apply.) a. Dopamine dysregulation in the brain b. Possible genetic component c. Enlarged ventricles in the brain d. Childhood abuse

b. Possible genetic component d. Childhood abuse

_____ establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behaviors. a. Nature b. Instinct c. Law d. Culture

d. Culture

What disorder is defined by one individual exhibiting multiple personalities, each of which has a unique set of likes and dislikes and their own reactions to situations? a. Conversion disorder b. Dissociative fugue c. Dissociative amnesia d. Dissociative identity disorder

d. Dissociative identity disorder

When someone experiences a depressive disorder that is less extreme than major depression but lasts for more than two months, the disorder is called which of the following? a. Bipolar disorder b. Learned helplessness c. Dissociative amnesia d. Persistent depressive disorder

d. Persistent depressive disorder

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as ____ ____ disorder

multiple personality

A biochemical explanation of the cause of mood disorders generally focuses on regulation problems with ____.

neurotransmitters

Cultural ____ provide guidance about how people should behave and what behavior is healthy.

norms

____ - ____ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome.

obsessive-compulsive

An individual may experience a depressive disorder that is less extreme than major depression, but the depression lasts for more than two months. This disorder is called ____ depressive disorder

persistent

In the case of a specific ____, the anxiety produced by the given stimulus or situation is typically disproportionate to the actual threat the stimulus or situation poses.

phobias

____ phobia is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people.

social

A(n) ____ ____ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

specific phobia

True or false: The links between biology and mood disorders are well established.

true

Biological views of psychological disorders fall into which three main categories? (Select all that apply.) a. Brain b. Neurotransmitter functioning c. Personality d. Genetic

a. Brain b. Neurotransmitter functioning d. Genetic

How do phobias differ from generalized anxiety disorder? a. For a phobia, there is always a specific, identifiable stimulus that causes the anxiety reaction. b. Generalized anxiety disorder involves a specific cause or trigger for anxiety, and phobias do not. c. Phobias are not a type of anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder is. d. Phobias produce debilitating anxiety in the person, whereas generalized anxiety disorder does not.

a. For a phobia, there is always a specific, identifiable stimulus that causes the anxiety reaction.

Madeleine has decided to seek therapeutic services from someone who describes himself as having a "sociocultural perspective." This means which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. He may be interested in Madeleine's family. b. He may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders. c. He would not be interested in societal context or beliefs about the cultural norms for behavior. d. He may be interested in neurotransmitter imbalances.

a. He may be interested in Madeleine's family. b. He may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders.

Which of the following best represent the symptoms of PTSD? (Select all that apply.) a. Impulsive outbursts of behavior b. Flashbacks c. Problems with memory and concentration d. The need to repeat certain behaviors in order to reduce anxiety

a. Impulsive outbursts of behavior b. Flashbacks c. Problems with memory and concentration

ADHD is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Inattention b. Hyperactivity c. Impulsivity d. Flat affect e. Intense focus

a. Inattention b. Hyperactivity c. Impulsivity

Which of the following are features of the biological approach to psychological disorders? (Select all that apply.) a. Individuals are treated by doctors. b. There is emphasis on the person's context. c. There is little emphasis on diagnostic labels and more on the person's humanity. d. Medications are often prescribed.

a. Individuals are treated by doctors. d. Medications are often prescribed.

According to the NIMH, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the United States. What are the main features of this disorder? (Select all that apply.) a. Loss of energy b. Depression and mania c. Depressed mood and lack of interest d. Changes in appetite and sleep

a. Loss of energy c. Depressed mood and lack of interest d. Changes in appetite and sleep

The results from a study looking at early evidence of ASD in children show that compared to typically developing children, very young children who develop ASD show which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Low levels of attention to other children b. Low levels of joint attention c. Less interest in the gaze of another person d. Sharp focus and strong attention paid to strangers e. High levels of early language ability

a. Low levels of attention to other children b. Low levels of joint attention c. Less interest in the gaze of another person

Adele has experienced a number of discrete periods of terror in which she sweats, trembles, feels dizzy, and is quite certain that she is "going crazy." Her physician has assured her that there is no medical reason for these episodes. What is Adele's most likely diagnosis? a. Panic disorder b. Generalized anxiety disorder c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Phobic disorder

a. Panic disorder

Which of the following disorders is not related to obsessive-compulsive disorder? a. Post-traumatic stress disorder b. Hoarding behavior disorder c. Trichotillomania d. Excoriation

a. Post-traumatic stress disorder

How do the brains of developing adolescents with ASD process speech? a. Primarily on the left hemisphere only b. Hardly at all in either hemisphere c. Primarily on the right hemisphere only d. Equally in both hemispheres

a. Primarily on the left hemisphere only

The cognitive approach to ASD emphasizes deficits in which of the following? a. Theory of mind b. Emotional intelligence c. IQ score d. Speech patterns

a. Theory of mind

Which is true in regard to anxiety disorders, according to the DSM-5? a. There are 12 types of anxiety disorders. b. There are eight types of anxiety disorders. c. There is only one basic type of anxiety disorder. d. There are an unlimited number of anxiety disorders.

a. There are 12 types of anxiety disorders.

True or false: Within the medical model perspective abnormalities are called "mental illnesses" and those with disorders called "patients." a. True b. False

a. True

One hypothesis about the origins of ADHD is the _____ hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with ADHD have brains that develop more slowly than typically developing individuals. a. delayed maturation b. sensory processing c. cognitive d. social motivation

a. delayed maturation

A fear becomes a(n) _____ when a situation becomes so dreaded that a person goes to almost any length to avoid it. a. phobia b. anxiety c. panic d. delusion

a. phobia

The approach that focuses on how people with ASD are more likely to focus on fine details rather than the "big picture" is called the _____ approach. a. sensory processing b. social motivation c. cognitive d. genetic factors

a. sensory processing

Although there is a great deal of awareness of ASD, many children are not diagnosed with it until after age _____. a. 10 b. 6 c. 2

b. 6

Which of the following is an example of a compulsion? a. Adrian sometimes hears voices, but there is no one around. b. Alex has to wash his hands many times a day because he fears germs. c. Alyssa has disturbing thoughts that she can't remove from her mind. d. Mandy has discrete periods of panic during which she thinks she may be having a heart attack.

b. Alex has to wash his hands many times a day because he fears germs.

Which of the following exemplifies obsession? a. Alex is terrified of public speaking, even though his job requires it. b. Anne has intrusive thoughts that something bad might happen to her family if she doesn't go up the stairs the right way. c. Debbie was in the Iraq war and experienced the death of a comrade. Since then, her usual coping abilities have been overloaded.

b. Anne has intrusive thoughts that something bad might happen to her family if she doesn't go up the stairs the right way.

A disorder that has to do with OCD and has been included in the DSM-5 is which of the following? a. Anorexia b. Body dysmorphic disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Dissociative disorder

b. Body dysmorphic disorder

Which of the following situations describes the definition of a phobia? a. Allysa experiences discrete episodes of terror, problems breathing, dizziness, and a concern that she is going crazy. b. Brent is deathly afraid of spiders, and this is a problem for him because he repairs heating systems. c. Marilyn is very nervous much of the time, so nervous that she has problems functioning.

b. Brent is deathly afraid of spiders, and this is a problem for him because he repairs heating systems.

Which statement best describes the DSM-5? a. It is used to display psychosocial and environmental problems. b. It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment. c. It is the only manual of psychological disorders. d. It gives a numerical rating indicating the level at which a person is currently functioning.

b. It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment.

Which of the following reflect the American Psychiatric Association's definition of abnormality? (Select all that apply.) a. It is insanity. b. It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. c. It is a mental illness. d. It is the inability to appreciate the wrongfulness of one's acts.

b. It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. c. It is a mental illness.

A diagnosis of ASD often starts once parents and pediatricians notice signs of ASD, such as which of the following? a. Specific facial feature development b. Language delays c. Poor motor skills d. High intelligence

b. Language delays

Research about the behavioral explanations of depression have found which of the following? a. Dissociative identity disorder leads to a feeling of learned helplessness, which leads to depression. b. Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless. c. Negative thoughts are the result of schemas that are dysfunctional and maladaptive and that shape the depressed individual's experiences. d. Vulnerability and stress are both related to the development of schizophrenia.

b. Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless.

Studies have found very high rates of depression in _____ groups in which poverty and alcoholism are widespread. a. Asian b. Native American c. European American d. Mexican

b. Native American

____ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome. a. Bipolar b. Obsessive-compulsive c. Dissociative identity d. Antisocial personality

b. Obsessive-compulsive

_____ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome. a. Bipolar b. Obsessive-compulsive c. Antisocial personality d. Dissociative identity

b. Obsessive-compulsive

Those who have depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Oxytocin b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. Glutamate

b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine

What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder? (Select all that apply.) a. Exposure to teratogens b. To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness. c. Norepinephrine and serotonin imbalances in the brain d. To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness.

b. To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness. d. To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness.

Dissociative identity disorder is a disorder in which _____. a. an individual experiences symptoms such as hallucinations and/or delusions b. a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities c. the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity d. a significant, selective memory loss occurs

b. a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities

When individuals have been diagnosed with more than one disorder, their conditions are referred to as being _____. a. abnormal b. comorbid c. at-risk d. on the spectrum

b. comorbid

One study has found that people with ASD had less white matter connections to areas of the brain involved in _____. a. upper-body movement b. facial expressions c. movement of the legs and feet d. heart and lung operation

b. facial expressions

Aaron Beck's theory regarding mood disorders is based on the idea that _____. a. how people evolved has resulted in behavior that is influenced by genetic inheritance from our ancestors b. faulty cognitions underlie depressed feelings c. depression is largely a response to learned helplessness d. depression is the result of problems in neurotransmitter regulation

b. faulty cognitions underlie depressed feelings

Research shows that children with ASD differ from typically developing children in their _____ during social interactions. a. desire to maintain touch while communicating b. lack of attention to faces c. ability to remember names

b. lack of attention to faces

Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences, memories, and _____ associations. a. unique b. learned c. imagined d. coerced

b. learned

Children who went on to be diagnosed with ASD were found to be _____ than their typically developing peers. a. unlikely to respond to anyone besides their parents b. less likely to look when their name was called c. unable to remember their name d. more likely to respond when their name was called

b. less likely to look when their name was called

For the past three weeks, Amin has felt lethargic, had problems sleeping and making decisions, lost pleasure and interest in activities he previously enjoyed, and had feelings of worthlessness. The most likely diagnosis for Amin is _____. a. dissociative identity disorder b. major depressive disorder c. bipolar disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. major depressive disorder

The _____ approach to ASD suggests that individuals with ASD are profoundly less interested in social stimuli compared to typically developing people. a. sensory processing b. social motivation c. biological d. cognitive

b. social motivation

General anxiety disorder is identified as a persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worry, whereas with a(n) _____, there is always a clearly defined, identifiable stimulus that causes the anxiety reaction. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. specific phobia c. social anxiety disorder d. panic disorder

b. specific phobia

Officially naming a problem can have negative implications for a person, creating a _____ that might cause others to treat them differently. a. stress b. stigma c. disorder d. treatment

b. stigma

In a study of a number of countries, _____ were shown to be nearly twice as likely to develop depression as __________. a. men, women b. women, men c. adults, children d. those over 60 years old, those under 25 years old

b. women, men

The ____ approach to psychological disorders attributes disorders to organic, internal causes.

biological

As a small child, Evan was smelling flowers in a garden when a wasp stung him. Now, even as an adult, Evan is very afraid of flowers and does everything in his power to avoid seeing or being around them. Which of the following best explains Evan's flower phobia? a. Neurochemical imbalance b. Overly rigorous self-standards c. Associative learning d. Genetic predisposition

c. Associative learning

Ray is a homeless person with a serious drug problem, and both his parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia (as has Ray). In addition, he had a very difficult upbringing. Thus, Ray has characteristics that contribute to his disorder on many levels of functioning. Ray's situation best exemplifies which theoretical approach to psychological disorders? a. Behavioral b. Biological c. Biopsychosocial d. Sociocultural

c. Biopsychosocial

Which of the following are biological explanations of mood disorders? (Select all that apply.) a. A reduction in positive reinforcers b. The person is misinterpreting respiratory cues. c. Hormonal factors d. Heredity e. Neurotransmitter deregulation

c. Hormonal factors d. Heredity e. Neurotransmitter deregulation

Which of the following statements are true regarding the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.) a. The DSM has been revised once since 1952. b. It is the only diagnostic manual of mental disorders. c. It is the product of a 14-year revision process. d. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association.

c. It is the product of a 14-year revision process. d. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association.

Which of the following is NOT an example of social phobia? a. Jeffrey didn't try out for his school's soccer team because he was anxious about making an embarrassing first impression at tryouts. b. Larry loves to dance but quit his dance class because he was terrified of performing in front of an audience at the recital. c. Liam has an intense fear of heights. d. Heather is terrified of public speaking.

c. Liam has an intense fear of heights.

Which of the following explains cognitive views of depression according to the learned helplessness model of Seligman? a. Leah has unrealistically high self-standards and feels sad every time she fails to meet her impossibly ambitious goals. b. Terry fluctuates widely between focusing on the good things in his life to overemphasizing everything that has gone wrong. c. Martin has experienced a number of unpleasant, uncontrollable events. This lack of control leads him to feeling helpless and depressed. d. Michelle rarely thinks positive thoughts, has negative expectations for the future, and interprets her life in self-defeating ways.

c. Martin has experienced a number of unpleasant, uncontrollable events. This lack of control leads him to feeling helpless and depressed.

The two features that characterize autism spectrum disorder are which of the following? a. Low birth weight, severe mobility restriction, and an inability to speak b. Delays in physical growth, characteristic facial features, and some intellectual disability c. Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities d. Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings

c. Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities d. Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings

A child with ASD goes through the social world without understanding that other people have subjective experiences different from their own. This understanding of ASD reflects the _____ approach. a. etiological b. biological c. cognitive d. genetic

c. cognitive

A situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is a(n) _____ disorder. a. anxiety b. personality c. depressive d. mood

c. depressive

Disorders that happen in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development are know as _____ disorders. a. stress-related b. phobic c. neurodevelopmental d. anxiety

c. neurodevelopmental

Down Syndrome is an example of a _____ disorder. a. attention b. anxiety c. neurodevelopmental d. trauma-related

c. neurodevelopmental

From the sensory processing perspective, _____ are the heart of ASD. a. individuals less interested in social stimuli b. risk factors including older paternal age and prenatal exposure to some chemicals c. overwhelming sensory experiences

c. overwhelming sensory experiences

A psychologist who is concerned with a patient's personality traits, learning experiences, and influence of childhood experiences is using the _____ approach to the development of psychological disorders. a. biopsychosocial b. biological c. psychological d. sociocultural

c. psychological

The _____ approach focuses on the contributions of experience, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to explain disorders. a. biological b. biosocial c. psychological d. sociocultural

c. psychological

Because the level of impairment that people with ASD experience is quite variable, it is called a _____. a. disorder b. comorbidity c. spectrum d. risk factor

c. spectrum

Autism is _____ common in boys than in girls. a. 10 times more b. less c. two to five times more

c. two to five times more

Clinical psychologist Aaron Beck proposed that faulty ____ underlie people's depressed feelings.

cognitions

Dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by which of the following? a. Avoiding overconsumption and absorption of calories b. Focusing and expanding upon negative experiences and overgeneralizing as to their meaning c. Performing repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that are designed to neutralize anxiety d. Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event

d. Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event

If we learned that diagnoses of schizophrenia tend to be higher among members of low socioeconomic groups than among members of more affluent groups, this finding would support which perspective of abnormal behavior? a. Medical b. Psychoanalytic c. Cognitive d. Sociocultural

d. Sociocultural

A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others is known by the the American Psychiatric Association as _____. a. deviant b. a disorder c. unusual d. an abnormality

d. an abnormality

Learned helplessness theory is an approach to depression that originated in the _____ approach. a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive c. biochemical d. behavioral

d. behavioral

Behavior is considered deviant if it _____. a. upsets the individual b. prevents an individual from caring for him- or herself c. is a danger to the person or to others d. differs from what is acceptable in a culture

d. differs from what is acceptable in a culture

_____ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience. a. anxiety b. eating c. depressive d. dissociative

d. dissociative

One behavioral view of depression focuses on _____, which involves a person feeling powerlessness after having been exposed to aversive circumstances over which they have no control. a. flat affect b. transference c. faulty cognition d. learned helplessness

d. learned helplessness

The _____ perspective or model suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual. a. psychoanalytical b. humanistic c. behavioral d. medical

d. medical

Some people who have ASD may never learn to talk or be able to take care of themselves, whereas others who have ASD may excel at school and have long-lasting relationships with others. This illustrates how ASD is a _____. a. personality disorder b. stigma c. cognitive symptom d. spectrum

d. spectrum

David has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder, and he's worried that his friends and coworkers will now think less of him or not want to be around him anymore. David is concerned about the _____ having a psychological disorder. a. maladaptiveness involved in b. statistical deviance involved in c. biological aspect of d. stigma of

d. stigma of

Abnormal behavior is considered ____ when it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture.

deviant

____ refers to psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from his or her immediate experience.

disassociation

In the most severe form of ____ amnesia, individuals cannot even recall their names.

dissociative

____ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience.

dissociative

People with ____ anxiety disorder worry about work, health, and relationships, but also about little things, such as whether their clothes fit just right.

generalized

According to research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic. This is called the ____ ____ theory

learned helplessness