Ch. 13

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Be sure to explain how erythropoietin (EPO) is involved in this process

1. As damaged RBCs are removed from circulation, oxygen levels fall. 2. The kidneys detect the declining levels of oxygen and respond by secreting a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO). 3. EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to begin the process of creating new erythrocytes. 4. An immature form of an erythrocyte, called a reticulocyte, is released into circulation. 5. After one to two days, the reticulocyte becomes a mature erythrocyte. 6. As the number of RBCs increases, oxygen levels rise. Less EPO is produced and RBC production declines.

steps of hemostasis

1. vessel injury - damage to blood vessel exposes the vessel muscle layers and the tissues of blood. 2. vascular spasm - the blood vessel contracts, reducing blood flow. 3. platelet plug formation - platelets adhere to each other and tot he damaged vessel. 4. clot formation - soluble fibrinogen forms an insoluble mesh of fibrin, trapping RBCs and platelets.

What will happen if a patient's primary pacemaker fails? The patient will go into cardiac arrest. The atria will stop contracting, but the ventricles will continue to contract. Another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat. Ventricular fibrillation will occur.

Another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat.

Which blood vessel has the most significant role in controlling the amount of blood reaching the tissues? Aorta Arteriole Venule Distributing artery

Arteriole

Describe how and where blood cells and platelets are produced.

Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow at the end of long bones, the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and the pelvis. can all be tied back to stem cells in red bone marrow. stem cells multiply and become specialized.

what cellular structures determine blood type.

Blood type A: Have A antigen on their RBC's. Has anti B antibodies. Blood type B: Have the B antigen. Has anti A antibodies Blood type AB: Have both A and B antigens. Has no antibodies. Blood type O: Have neither antigen. Have both anti A and anti B antibodies.

Which is the most significant factor affecting peripheral resistance? Blood viscosity Blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter Blood pH

Blood vessel diameter

What causes the friction in blood vessels that affects blood pressure? Cardiac output and heart rate Blood viscosity and blood vessel diameter Damaged, broken capillaries and varicose veins Pressure gradients and blood flow

Blood viscosity and blood vessel diameter

Blood disorders

Carbon Monoxide poisoning - CO binds to hemoglobin 200 times better than oxygen-Can cause death Anemia - a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin. Sometimes anemia occurs because of a loss of RBCs, such as from a hemorrhage, or when too many RBCs are being destroyed, or an iron deficiency. Leukemia - cancer of white blood cells. A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, leukemia is characterized by an extremely high WBC count. The term leukemia encompasses a number of varieties of the disease

Which of the following is the blood protein that is activated to form protein threads in blood clotting? Antigens Globulins Fibrin Hemoglobin Albumin

Fibrin

functions of blood

Functions of blood: Transportation - nutrients, waste, hormones Regulation - temperature, water volume, pH Defense - infections and bleeding

Which of the following factors determines cardiac output? Blood pressure and contractility Heart rate and stroke volume Contractility and stroke volume Heart rate and blood pressure

Heart rate and stroke volume

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin

Hemoglobin consists of four ribbon-like protein chains called globins . Bound to each globin is an iron-containing molecule called heme . Each heme molecule can combine with one molecule of oxygen; therefore, one hemoglobin molecule can unite with four molecules of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin . (Hemoglobin also carries CO 2 , but, instead of binding with heme, CO 2 binds with globin.)

A diet rich in which mineral is crucial for hemoglobin synthesis? Calcium Iron Zinc Potassium

Iron

How does the cardiovascular system meet the metabolic needs of skeletal muscle during strenuous exercise? It maintains blood flow at a stable rate. It opens up more capillary beds in skeletal muscle. It temporarily diverts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and brain to get extra blood to the muscles. It dilates capillaries to approximately twice their original diameter to accommodate the extra blood.

It opens up more capillary beds in skeletal muscle

What is jaundice and how does it develop?

Jaundice happens when the destruction of RBCs become excessive and the body can't readily assimilate the increase amounts of bilirubin being produced. The excess bilirubin enters the tissues instead of being excreted into the intestines which causes the skin and sclera to take on a yellowish hue.

What blood cell type is a phagocytic cell that migrates into tissues? Thrombocyte Granulocyte Basophil Monocyte

Monocyte

What is diffusion from the standpoint of capillary exchange? Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Water moves through the capillary wall from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Higher pressure within the capillary pushes plasma and dissolved nutrients through the capillary wall. Albumin and other proteins in blood pull tissue fluid and cellular waste products into the cell.

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What mechanisms assist venous return? One-way valves, increasing diameter of veins, peripheral resistance Pressure changes during breathing, one-way valves, thickness of the tunica media in medium-sized veins Skeletal muscle contractions, large-diameter lumen, thickness of the tunica media in medium-sized veins One-way valves, skeletal muscle contractions, pressure changes during breathing

One-way valves, skeletal muscle contractions, pressure changes during breathing

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of the phases of the cardiac cycle? Atrial systole, atrial filling, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole, ventricular filling Passive ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation Right atrium, tricuspid valve opens, right ventricle, pulmonary artery to lungs, pulmonary veins to left atrium, mitral valve opens, left ventricle, aortic valve opens, left ventricle contracts Right atrium contracts, right ventricle contracts, left atrium contracts, left ventricle contracts

Passive ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

components of blood

Plasma Formed elements: Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Platelets

components of blood and their functions.

Plasma: accounts for 55% of blood - plays a role in blood clotting, regulating fluid volume, and the immune system. Formed Elements: accounts for 45% of blood. Red blood cells contain erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Red blood cells: transport oxygen to body tissue. transport carbon dioxide away from tissue. White blood cells: defend body against invading organisms, abnormal cells. Platelets: take part in blood clotting as part of the bodies defense mechanism.

What causes the cardiac valves to open and close? Chordae tendineae contract and relax to open and close the valves. Papillary muscles contract and relax to open and close the valves. As the walls of the heart's chambers stretch or relax, they send nervous impulses to the valves, stimulating them to open or close. Pressure changes in the cardiac chambers cause the valves to open and close.

Pressure changes in the cardiac chambers cause the valves to open and close.

What is the correct progression of blood through the heart and lungs? Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle Right atrium, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle Lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle Left atrium, lungs, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors? Vitamin C Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin D

Vitamin K

Describe the conditions leading to Rh incompatibility between a mother and fetus and explain the possible effects of this incompatibility.

a. When an Rh positive man fathers a child by an Rh negative woman, the fetus may inherit Rh positive antigen. b. At birth, a small amount of fetal blood enters the mothers circulation. c. Over the next several months the woman develops antibodies against the Rh antigen. d. When the woman becomes pregnant with her second Rh positive fetus, her antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetus's red blood.

According to the Life Lesson in Chapter 13, a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin content in the blood can reduce the oxygen carrying capacity in the blood. This condition is called anemia. hemophilia. leukemia. thrombocytopenia. hematocrit.

anemia.

Red Blood Cells function to produce antibodies. cause blood clots. carry oxygen. carry carbon dioxide. All of the above. carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. carry oxygen and cause blood clots.

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The stimulus for the production of new red blood cells is decreased levels of hemoglobin in the blood. declining oxygen levels. increased carbon dioxide levels. decreased levels of iron.

declining oxygen levels

In the cardiac cycle the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously. the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract. the left atrium contract before the right atrium. all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. None of the above.

the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.

Which of the following accurately describes the flow of blood in the body? heart --> veins --> capillaries --> arteries --> heart veins --> heart --> capillaries --> arteries --> veins veins --> heart --> arteries --> capillaries --> veins heart --> arteries --> veins --> capillaries --> heart arteries --> veins --> capillaries --> heart --> arteries

veins --> heart --> arteries --> capillaries --> veins