CH 13 APES VOCAB

estuary

a bay or drowned valley where a river empties to the sea

buffalo commons

a large open area proposed for the Great Plains in which wildlife and native people could live as they once did without interferece by industrialized society

** monitoring

cannot know if the efforts are working without this. needs to be planned, detailed and ongoing in studies of key factors

wetlands

considered to be disagreebale, dangerous nd useless but play irreplaceable roles in the hydrologic cyle, highly productive, provide food and habitat for a wide variety of species -controlling water flow and sediment deposition to restore healthy community

the Nature Conservancy TNC

established many preserved throughout the eastern great plains to protect fragments of tallgrass praries (Tulsa & Kansas) established the Tallgrass Prairie Ecological Research Station which carries out numbers of experimental ecolog. restoration projects on both public and private land

delta

fan-shaped sediment deposit found at the mouth of a river

Chesapeake Bay

largest and richest of US estuaries, a drowned river valley covers 6 states, mixed saltwater in its broad shallow basin, that makes ecological gradients. salinity ranges from near zero to thirty parts per thousand. fresh water flows south in the upper layers and salty water flows north in lower layers. -overfishing, sewage discharge, silt from erosion, heavy metals, toxins, spills. filter feeders lead to loss of productive fishery

rehabilitation

rebuild a community to a useful, functioning state but not necess. to its original condition -needs a comm. somewhat similar to the original one

** captive breeding / reestablishing fauna

reintroducing animals

**wetland mitigation

replacing a damaged wetland with a subsitute required whenever development destroys a natural wetland

** replanting

replanting of native species

restoration

return a biological community to its predisturbance structure and function, and to reverse degradation and reestablish some aspects of an ecosystem that prev. existed

** removing physical stressors

such as pollutants, inadequate moisture, vehicle traffic. in wetland restoration- water flow and storage restored before replanting, in praries cultivation must be ended

watershed

the land surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system

intervention

to apply techniques to discourage or reduce undesired organisms and favor or promote desired species

mitigation

to replace a degraded site with one of more or less equal ecological value somewhere else

reallocation

to use a site an its resources to create a new and different kind of biological community rather than the existing one

reclamation

to use powerful, extreme chemical or physical methods to clean and repair severely degraded or even barren sites

remediation

uses chemical, physical, biological methods to remove pollution, with the intentions of causing as little disruption as possible

** controlling invasive species

without removal of these species that are biotic stressors can lead to failed important steps of restoration

everglades

"river of grass", Florida Everglades, threatened by water pollution and diversion projects. created by a broad, shallow sheet of water that starts in springs near Orlando(center of FL) the moves to Lake Okeechobee and flows southward to the Gulf -lost 90 % of birds and nature lost water

degraded

A general lowering of the earth's surface by erosion or weathering.

resilient

Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.

riparian

Relating to or inhabiting the banks of a natural course of water. Riparian zones are ecologically diverse and contribute to the health of other aquatic ecosystems by filtering out pollutants and preventing erosion. Salmon in the Pacific Northwest feed off riparian insects; trees such as the black walnut, the American sycamore, and the cottonwood thrive in riparian environments.