Ch. 13 Endocrine system

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

'decreases the excretion' of large amounts of 'urine' from the body by 'increasing the reabsorption of water' by the renal tubules.

Lactogenic hormone (LTH)

AKA as 'prolactin,' promotes the development of the 'breast' during pregnancy and stimulates the secretion of 'milk' from the breasts after delivery of the baby.

Growth hormone (GH)

AKA somatotropin hormone (STH), regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues.

Anterior pituitary gland AKA the adenohypophysis

Growth hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Lactogenic hormone (LTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Mineralocorticoids

Primary mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the body is 'aldosterone,' which is responsible for regulating 'fluid and electrolyte balance' by promoting sodium retention (promotes water retention) and potassium excretion.

Endocrine system

consists of network of 'ductless glands' that secrete chemicals called hormones that affect the function of specific organs within the body. Hormones 'directly into bloodstream' as opposed to releasing them externally through ducts.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

controls the intensity of pigmentation in pigmented cells of the skin.

Pancreas

elongated gland located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach. Extends horizontally across the body, beginning at the first part of the small intestines (duodenum) and ending at the edge of the spleen. Pancreas contains specialized groups of cells known as the 'islets of Langerhans,' which secretes hormones: Glucagon and Insulin.

Ovaries

female gonads, upper pelvic cavity, either side of the lateral walls of the uterus, near the fimbriated (fringed) ends of the fallopian tubes. Producing mature ova and releasing them at monthly intervals during ovulation. Hormones secreted: Estrogen and Progesterone.

Posterior pituitary gland AKA the neurohypophysis

gland stores and releases the following hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin (OT).

Thyroxine (T4)

helps maintain normal body 'metabolism.'

Triiodothyronine (T3)

helps regulate 'growth and development' of the body and controls 'metabolism and body temperature.'

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

increases the heart rate and the force of the heart muscle contraction, dilates the bronchioles in the lungs, decreases peristalsis in the intestines, and raises blood glucose levels by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose. AKA a sympathomimetic agent.

Glucocorticoids

influence the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. In addition, glucocorticoids are necessary in the body for maintaining a normal blood pressure level. Anti-inflammatory increases the glucose available for skeletal muscles needed in 'fight-or-flight' responses by the body.

Thymus

located in the 'mediastinum' near the middle of the chest, just beneath the sternum. Hormones secreted by thymus are: Thymosin and Thymopoietin.

Thyroid gland

located in the front of the neck just below the larynx, on either side of the trachea. Consists of right and left lobe. Thyroid gland secretes hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Calcitonin.

Insulin

makes it possible for glucose to pass from the blood through the cell membranes to be used for energy. Promotes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use.

Testes

male gonads AKA as testicles into the scrotum. Primary organs of the male reproductive system. Responsible for 'production of sperm, secretion of androgens,' which are male steroid hormones. 'Testosterone' is responsible for the 'secondary sex' characteristic changes that occur in the male with the onset of puberty, and also responsible for the 'maturation of sperm.'

Adrenal glands

positioned atop each kidney. Adrenal cortex (outer portion) and the adrenal medulla (inner portion). Adrenal glands AKA suprarenal glands.

Progesterone

primarily responsible 'for the changes that occur within the uterus' in anticipation of a 'fertilized ovum' and for 'development of the maternal placenta' after implantation of a fertilized ovum.

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

produces a vasoconstrictor effect on the blood vessels, thereby raising the blood pressure. AKA a sympathomimetic agent.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

promotes and maintains the normal growth and development of the 'thyroid gland' and stimulates the secretions of the thyroid hormones.

Estrogen

promotes the 'maturation of the ovum' in the ovary and stimulates the vascularization of the uterine lining each month in 'preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg.' Contributes to the secondary sex characteristic changes that occur in the female with the onset of puberty.

Pituitary Gland

referred to as the 'master gland.' Secretes hormones that 'control the functions of other glands.' 'Located' beneath the brain in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, which is behind and slightly above the nose and throat. AKA the hypophysis.

Calcitonin

regulates the level of 'calcium in the blood.'

Adrenal medulla (Inner)

secretes non steroid hormones called catecholamines: Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Adrenal cortex (Outer)

secretes steroid hormones known as corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Gonadocorticoids.

Gonadocorticoids

sex hormones, contribute to secondary sex characteristics in males and females.

Thymosin

stimulate the production of T-Cells

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates 'female ovulation' and the secretion of 'testosterone' in the 'male.'

Oxytocin (OT)

stimulates the 'contractions of the uterus during childbirth' and 'stimulates the release of milk' from the breasts of lactating women in response to the suckling reflex of the infant.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the normal growth and development of the 'adrenal cortex' and secretion of corticosteroids.

Thymopoietin

stimulates the production of T-cells that are involved in the immune response.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates the secretion of 'estrogen' and the 'production of eggs' in the 'female ovaries;' also stimulates the production of sperm in the male testes.

Parathyroid glands

tiny rounded bodies located on the 'dorsal aspect' of the thyroid gland. Secreting the parathyroid hormone (PTH), AKA parathormone, regulates the level of 'calcium in the blood.'

Pineal gland

tiny, pine cone-shaped gland 'located' on the dorsal aspect of the midbrain region. Play a part in supporting the body's "biological clock"; that is, the regulation of our patterns of eating, sleeping, and reproduction. The pineal gland is responsible for secreting the hormone, 'melatonin,' which induces sleep.