Ch. 13

Martin Luther's claim that the papacy was exploiting Germany

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.

Early-sixteenth-century Europeans were, for the most part,

deeply pious.

The Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German sentiments.

Luther's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was

made up of hundreds of largely independent states.

How effective was the Holy Office (or Universal Inquisition), established by the papacy in 1542?

The Holy Office effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from increasing his power

Which factor contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

Believing that only those sacraments mentioned in Scripture were valid, Martin Luther supported the validity of which two Catholic sacraments?

Baptism and the Eucharist

Which statement accurately describes Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority, while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir, Mary, Queen of Scots, executed

Mary was implicated in a conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which issue?

The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy