Ch 13 micro 2240 pt 3

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --HIV virus can be two of these types of viral infections Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

Both Chronic: latent and persistent HIV can go dormant, latent, or once it becomes active it is active for a very long period of time, unable to erase from DNA, persistent

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --this viral infection confers permanent immunity Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

acute infection

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --influenza virus causes this type of infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

acute infection- but influenza can be influenced by antigen drift

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --HAV(HepA virus) is an example of this type of infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

acute, think hep A, is A for acute bc hep A only acute never chronic

Both bird and human influenza viruses can infect pigs, inside pig cells these viruses will recombine their genetic material, and new influenza strains will emerge. This is called an

antigenic reasortment

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --viral particles not detected until reactivation of infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

chronic latent

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --HCV (HepC virus) and HBV(HepB virus) are examples of this type of viral infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

chronic persistent

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --Symptoms of reactivation can differ from symptoms of initial infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

chronic: latent, reactivation, means it was dormant

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the ___________, these viruses usually carry their own polymerase called an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule. These polymerase (also called a replicase), does not have proofreading ability, which means the virus is prone to mutations.

cytoplasm

Type virus and Location replication: DNA---Nucleus RNA--- RNA retrovirus---nucleus

cytoplasm

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis DNA viruses → have to travel to the nucleus of the host cell to have its DNA replicated by the ------DNA polymerase------ ________ of the _________

enzyme of the cell

What does it mean when a retrovirus becomes latent?

it's when a virus's RNA creates viral DNA inside the nucleus of the host cell where it lives, and it's latent when it either inserts itself in the host cell DNA, or when it sits dormant unable to be eliminated from host's DNA. This happens for ex in HIV, herpes, and chicken pox.

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --herpes viruses produce this type of infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

latent chronic

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --provirus present in host cell Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

latent chronic--remember in latent retrovirus the virus may not be active but can't get it to leave nucleus after RNA template reverse transcriptase creates DNA molecule

What are antigenic shifts and drifts? Antigenic shifts are when two or more strains or virus/diff viruses combine form new subtype with mixed antigens of both. Antigenic drifts are natural mutation over time of known strains of virus (influenza) which leads to _________ or __________

loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the cytoplasm, these viruses usually carry their own ___________ called an ___________________, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule. These polymerase (also called a replicase), does not have proofreading ability, which means the virus is prone to mutations.

polymerase RNA dependent RNA polymerase (replicase)

Animal Virus Replication: Release Naked viruses are release when the host cell dies by

suicide-apoptosis

Some viruses can cause _________that lead to cancers. Virus induced tumors are rare

tumors

What are antigenic shifts and drifts? Antigenic shifts are when....... Antigenic drifts are natural mutation over time of known strains of virus (influenza) which leads to loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch.

two or more strains or virus/diff viruses combine form new subtype with mixed antigens of both.

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the ____________ either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

viral DNA

Some viruses can cause tumors that lead to cancers. __________ are rare

virus induced tumors

Animal Virus Replication: Assembly Viral protein components are assembled. _______________ are inserted in the cell membrane.

spikes of enveloped viruses

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --productive viral infection Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

acute

What are antigenic shifts and drifts?

Antigenic shifts are when two or more strains or virus/diff viruses combine form new subtype with mixed antigens of both. Antigenic drifts are natural mutation over time of known strains of virus (influenza) which leads to loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch.

Which type of virus matches the polymerase-----host DNA polymerase: DNA RNA RNA retrovirus

DNA

Which two have same product of their polymerase? Type virus and Polymerase: DNA-host DNA polymrease --> RNA-replicase --> RNA retrovirus-reverse transcriptase -->

DNA and RNA retrovirus both produce viral DNA, though the RNA retrovirus uses reverse transcriptase to turn viral RNA template to make a DNA molecule, and DNA uses the host cells DNA polymerase to make viral DNA.

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a _______________ using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

DNA molecule

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the ___________, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

DNA of host

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis DNA viruses → have to travel to the nucleus of the host cell to have its DNA replicated by the ------------ enzyme of the cell

DNA polymerase

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis DNA viruses...... RNA viruses.....

DNA viruses---travel to nucleus of host for DNA replication by DNA polymerase enzyme of cell RNA viruses--can stay in cytoplasm bc carry RNA dependent RNA polymerase (replicase) which can make a RNA molecule's RNA copy, but replicase cant proofreed, so prone to mutations

Give an example of a retrovirus?

HIV

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes _________, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

Latent

Which type of virus matches the polymerase---Replicase: DNA RNA RNA retrovirus

RNA

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the cytoplasm, these viruses usually carry their own polymerase called an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an _______ of an ___________. These polymerase (also called a replicase), does not have proofreading ability, which means the virus is prone to mutations.

RNA copy of RNA molecule

DNA, RNA, or RNA retroviruses: Which will become permanent components of cells chromosome, or nucleus?

RNA retrovirus

Which type of virus matches the polymerase--reverse transcriptase: DNA RNA RNA retrovirus

RNA retrovirus

Type virus and Location replication: RNA RNA retrovirus DNA Which two are in nucleus

RNA retrovirus and DNA in nucleus. BC DNA in nucleus duh, and RNA retrovirus makes RNA reverse transcriptase into DNA, and since it ends in DNA must be in nucleus

DNA, RNA, or RNA retroviruses: Some of these viruses will stay in nucleus of host cell, hidden in latent infection?

RNA retroviruses will

What are antigenic shifts and drifts? Antigenic shifts are.......... Antigenic drifts are ......

Shifts are two viruses maybe strains or diff viruses combine to create a new one with new antigen subtype Drifts are when strains of one type of virus mutate over time, causing the vaccine you got to not work, so loss of immunity, or vaccine mismatch. Drift occurs with influenza each year, remember bc those who dont vaccinate need to drift away from the rest of us.

Ex of Lysogenic conversion..... Ex of latent retrovirus....

Steptococcus pyogenes-lysogenic conversion HIV-retrovirus, experiences latent stage

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it _______________. HIV is a retrovirus.

can't be eliminated from host cell's DNA.

Animal Virus Replication: Assembly Viral protein components are assembled. Spikes of enveloped viruses are inserted in the ______________

cell membrane

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have _______________. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

don't have replicases retrovirus, is retro its hip, it doesnt use the same (repli)cases those viruses of the past used. It switches up the script, "reverse transcriptase". Retro makes DNA from RNA because when reverse transcript reversing back in alphabet and uses RNA then reverses to letter d for DNA, RNA makes DNA

Type virus and Polymerase: DNA-..... RNA-replicase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase, prone mutation, no proofread) RNA retrovirus-reverse transcriptase

host DNA polymerase

Influensa and retroviruses, which one uses replicase

influenza used replicase, retroviruses dont have replicase, they have reverse transcriptase

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a ________ molecule using an ___________ template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

makes DNA molecule, using RNA template.

Animal Virus Replication: Release Most enveloped viruses are released by

membrane fussion

Animal Virus Replication: Release Most enveloped viruses are released by Naked viruses are release when the host cell dies by

membrane fussion---release bc enveloped have membranes that fuse to them when they release host cell, membrane fussion is virus replication release suicide-apoptosis---bc when host dies, their pop (apoptosis) might see their viruses release from naked host computer, glad they died or suicide from embarrasment.

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the cytoplasm, these viruses usually carry their own polymerase called an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule. These polymerase (also called a replicase), does not have proofreading ability, which means the virus is prone to _____________.

mutations

What are antigenic shifts and drifts? Antigenic shifts are when two or more strains or virus/diff viruses combine form new subtype with mixed antigens of both. Antigenic drifts are ______________ of known strains of virus (influenza) which leads to loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch.

natural mutation over time

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the __________ of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

nucleus

Type virus and Location replication: DNA--- RNA---cytoplasm RNA retrovirus---nucleus

nucleus

Type virus and Location replication: DNA---Nucleus RNA---cytoplasm RNA retrovirus---

nucleus

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a reverse transcriptase. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the ____________ where it is ____________. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

nucleus transcribed

When viruses do induce tumors, its by: The virus carries _____________(cancer genes) The virus can insert itself in one of the hosts' oncogenes, turning on the host's cancer genes (cancer genes are genes that cause uncontrollable growth of cells, these genes are normally turned off).

oncogenes

Write down the three categories of animal virus infections: --viral infection that continues for years, may or may not have symptoms> Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

persistant chronic

Which animal virus infection is talked about here? --continues production of low levels of viral particles Acute infection Chronic: persistant Chronic: latent

persistent chronic

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the cytoplasm, these viruses usually carry their own polymerase called an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule. These polymerase (also called a replicase), does not have ______________, which means the virus is prone to mutations.

proofreading ability

Both bird and human influenza viruses can infect pigs, inside pig cells these viruses will recombine their genetic material, and new influenza strains will emerge. This mixing of the genetic material of species into new combinations in different individuals is called "antigenic....

reasortment, antigenic reasortment. Because the virus' antigens are needing to be reassorted within the new species

Nucleic Acid Replication of Animal Viruses: Synthesis RNA viruses → can stay in the cytoplasm, these viruses usually carry their own polymerase called an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule. These polymerase (also called a ____________), does not have proofreading ability, which means the virus is prone to mutations.

replicase

Type virus and Polymerase: DNA-Host DNA polymerase RNA-........ RNA retrovirus-reverse transcriptase

replicase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase, prone mutation, no proofread)

Influenza virus is an example of a virus which uses a ______ to copy its RNA. Would you expect this virus to have high rate mutation?

replicase, yes becasue I know influenza has high rate of mutation. Replicase is RNA dependent RNA polymerase, this polymerase can make an RNA copy of an RNA molecule for a double helix. Very easy to mutate double helix on replication because if off by just one nucleotide base in RNA replication it can cause a mutation, and this type of mutation is called antigen drift because its same virus but just slightly differnt strand. But different enough to make antigens previous created not valid any longer.

Retroviruses → retroviruses are RNA viruses that don't have replicase. Instead, they carry a different type of viral polymerase call a _________________. A reverse transcriptase travels to the nucleus of cell where make a DNA molecule using an RNA template. Then the viral DNA either inserts itself in the DNA of the host, or remains in the nucleus where it is transcribed. The virus becomes latent, and it cannot be eliminated from the host's DNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

reverse transcriptase

Type virus and Polymerase: DNA-Host DNA polymerase RNA-replicase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase, prone mutation, no proofread) RNA retrovirus-........

reverse transcriptase