CH. 13 psychology

According to the textbook, several studies have shown that _____ percent of business managers and college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer.

90

trait

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

_____ and _____ are prominent psychologists associated with the humanistic perspective.

Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers

This neo-Freudian psychologist said, "The individual feels at home in life and feels his existence to be worthwhile just so far as he is useful to others and is overcoming feelings of inferiority."

Alfred Adler

_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Bandura

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

Factor analysis

_____ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.

Free association

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

The _____ includes a lie scale that tried to assess the extent to which a person is faking to make a good impression.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Jim is taking a personality test based on Carl Jung's personality types. Jim is MOST likely taking the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Tiffany has high self-esteem. Which of these qualities does she NOT have?

She is shy.

_____ is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors.

Stability

Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, the psychologist wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?

There are questions about the validity of the test.

According to the textbook, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at LEAST to:

William James.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:

a positive self-concept

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

empiracally derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

fixate

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

self concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:

altruism.

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Marcus is almost 3 years old and is being toilet trained. According to Freud, which stage of development is he currently in?

anal

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences, and that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from universal experiences. This is known as their:

collective unconscious.

Trait theorists:

describe stable, enduring patterns of behavior.

Landon has become more responsive to his boyfriend's advances since he noticed that an attractive man had moved in next door. Landon is using a defense mechanism called:

displacement.

Research suggests that self-esteem can cause undesirable behaviors when it is:

either low or inflated

Alice works as a school counselor for an inner-city school. She is very popular with the students. They believe that they can share anything with her and that she will listen and take the time to understand what is going on with them. Carl Rogers would argue that Alice would score high on a scale of:

empathy.

Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He may be illustrating:

excessive optimism.

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Gordon Allport was concerned less with _____ individuals than with _____ them.

explaining; describing

This Big Five personality factor involves these endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.

extraversion

Hans and Sybil Eysenck reduced human personality to two basic factors, emotional stability-instability and:

extraversion- introversion

Brain activity scans suggest that people who are _____ seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low and the frontal lobe is less active.

extraverted

Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (for example, ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

factor analysis

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____ than a person with low self-esteem.

have fewer sleepless nights

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Between 1975 and 2006, the average level of self-esteem among entering college students in the United States has:

increased

The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of:

individualism.

Ashley feels that she has reached her full potential as a physician. According to Maslow, Ashley:

is self-actualized.

Which of the following is NOT a social-cultural influence in the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?

learned responses

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

learning to roller skate

As a psychologist, Calvin asks one of his clients to complete the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). After he scores the MMPI, he notices that the client endorsed answers that make her seem healthier than she seems to be. These answers may be detected on the _____ scale.

lie

Scores on measures of extraversion are _____ correlated with measures of sales performance.

not

The MMPI is to the Rorschach inkblot test as _____ is to _____.

objective; subjective

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

This Big Five personality factor involves these endpoints: imaginative versus practical and independent versus conforming.

openness

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

This refers to an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

personality

Maslow's hierarchy of needs followed this order:

physiological, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

The role of childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations is MOST clearly emphasized by Sigmund Freud's _____ theory of personality.

psychoanalytic

Which choice incorrectly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?

psychoanalytic—Allport

A defense mechanism called _____ offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

rationalization

Research by Weinstein and colleagues found that those who unconsciously identify as gay, but who consciously identify as straight, report more negative attitudes toward homosexuality. These results demonstrate which of Freud's defense mechanisms?

reaction formation

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

reciprocal determinism.

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called:

reciprocal determinism.

In Western psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of personality.

self

The _____ is the organizer of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions.

self

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display:

self-actualization.

Maria believes that she is a very bright and caring person. These qualities help make up her:

self-concept.

When asked, "Who are you?" John answers that he is 4 years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his:

self-concept.

Jenna is a runner. She is entirely confident that with sufficient dedication she can meet her athletic goals. In social-cognitive terms, Jenna has high:

self-efficacy.

A sense of worth is to a sense of competence as _____ is to _____.

self-esteem; self-efficacy

Conditioning and observational learning are important elements of the _____ theory of personality

social-cognitive

The _____ perspective on personality involves reciprocal determinism.

social-cognitive

These theories build from research on learning and thought processes.

social-cognitive

This is overestimating others' noticing and evaluating one's appearance, performance, and blunders.

spotlight effect

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

According to Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

the id

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates:

the spotlight effect.

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

trait

According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of:

traits.

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:

unconditional positive regard.

The _____ involves the right hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient's left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize.

unconscious

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

was empirically derived