ch 14 a&p autonomic NS
Harry has a brain tumor that is pressing against his hypothalamus. Explain the effect on autonomic function.
A brain tumor pressing on the hypothalamus could interfere with autonomic function because the hypothalamus receives visceral sensory information and controls both sympathetic and parasympathetic functions.
Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) ciliary D) pelvic E) collateral
pelvic
Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B) A) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. B) In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. C) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. D) In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. E) In the SNS, axons emerge from the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord.
A) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.
Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B) A) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. B) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. C) Nicotinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. D) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. E) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine and epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells.
A) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.
Compare short reflexes with long reflexes. (Module 14.9B) A) Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors. B) Short reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors, whereas long reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS. C) Short reflexes predominantly coordinate the activities of an entire organ, whereas long reflexes predominantly control very simple motor responses in one small part of a target organ. D) Short reflexes control many different peripheral effectors, whereas long reflexes predominate in the enteric nervous system. E) Short reflexes involve processing in the brainstem, whereas long reflexes involve processing in the cerebrum.
A) Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors.
Describe the role of preganglionic neurons. (Module 14.1B) A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia. C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors. D) They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. E) They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain.
A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus.
What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? (Module 14.5B) A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) dopamine E) serotonin
A) acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptors A) are normally activated by acetylcholine. B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. C) always produce an excitatory response. D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane. E) are blocked by norepinephrine.
A) are normally activated by acetylcholine.
Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex? A) defecation reflex B) cardioacceleratory reflex C) pupillary reflex D) ejaculation (in males) in response to tactile stimuli E) vasomotor reflex
A) defecation reflex
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to A) dilate the right pupil. B) constrict the right pupil. C) dilate the left pupil. D) constrict the left pupil. E) smile and frown.
A) dilate the right pupil.
Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs? A) gray ramus B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) white ramus E) ventral root
A) gray ramus
In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short
A) long; short
Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS to its target organ in the abdominal cavity. (Module 14.3A) A) preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity B) preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity C) collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity D) collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity E) ganglionic neurons — preganglionic neurons ((T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity
A) preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes. A) short B) long C) both short and long D) neither short nor long
A) short
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when A) sympathetic stimulation is increased. B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased. D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. E) somatomotor stimulation is increased.
A) sympathetic stimulation is increased.
What brain structure relays somatosensory information? (Module 14.11B) A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata
A) thalamus
The statement ʺIt sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural gangliaʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
The statement ʺIt initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscleʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
The statement ʺIts ganglia are usually near or within the end organʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
The statement ʺIts postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitterʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? A) vagus nerves B) sciatic nerves C) glossopharyngeal nerves D) pelvic nerves E) splanchnic nerves
A) vagus nerves
Explain autonomic tone and its significance in controlling visceral function.
Autonomic tone is the background level of activity in sympathetic or parasympathetic motor neurons under resting conditions. It provides a mechanism for fine control of visceral function because it allows a resting neuron to be less active or more active rather than to simply switch from off to on. This is particularly important when only one division innervates a visceral organ or when an organ (such as the heart) must be precisely controlled over a broad range of activity levels.
Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A) A) Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. B) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. C) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies. D) Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body. E) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.
B) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.
Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division? A) It is also called the sympathetic division of the ANS. B) It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) It is referred to the ʺfight or flightʺ division. D) It is a division of the visceral sensory nervous system. E) It is included solely in the peripheral nervous system.
B) It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________. A) brain; visceral effectors B) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors C) visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia D) visceral effectors; brain E) brain; spinal cord
B) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
Splanchnic nerves A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. B) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia. C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax. D) connect chain ganglia. E) are formed of parasympathetic fibers.
B) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.
Parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to secrete. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.
B) increases gastric motility.
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha D) beta E) both muscarinic cholinergic and beta
B) muscarinic cholinergic
What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem? A) somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron C) sensory neuron D) ganglionic neuron E) astrocyte
B) preganglionic neuron
In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short
B) short; long
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? (Module 14.2D) A) enteric division of the ANS B) sympathetic division of the ANS C) parasympathetic division of the ANS D) central division of the ANS E) effector division of the ANS
B) sympathetic division of the ANS
A person with high blood pressure (hypertension) is prescribed a drug that blocks beta receptors. How could this medication alleviate hypertension?
Blocking the beta receptors on cardiac cells would decrease (or prevent) sympathetic stimulation of tissues containing those cells. As a result, heart rate, force of cardiac muscle contraction, and contraction of the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls would decrease, lowering blood pressure.
Compare and contrast alpha and beta receptors.
Both alpha receptors and beta receptors are adrenergic receptors on the membranes of target cells. Alpha receptors are more sensitive to NE than beta receptors, but both receptors are stimulated by E. Alpha-1 receptor stimulation typically excites the target cell, and alpha-2 receptor stimulation generally inhibits the target cell. Simulation of beta receptors may result in excitation or inhibition of the target cell.
Define visceral reflex. (Module 14.9A) A) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following exposure to a single specific somatic stimulus. B) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following repeated exposure to specific somatic stimuli. C) A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus. D) A visceral reflex is an automatic response to a somatic stimulus that is controlled in the spinal cord and can function without input from the brain. E) A visceral reflex is when visceral sensory inputs are sent quickly by the spinal cord to the brain for analysis before any response occurs.
C) A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long. D) The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division. E) The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.
C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A) A) The SNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. B) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS consists of the brain and spinal cord. C) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. D) The SNS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. E) The SNS controls the muscular visceral effectors: smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. The ANS controls the other visceral effectors: glands and adipocytes.
C) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.
Explain the function of autonomic ganglia. (Module 14.1C) A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia. C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors. D) They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. E) They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain.
C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? A) the heart B) a blood vessel in the skin C) a sweat gland D) the liver E) the salivary glands
C) a sweat gland
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) endorphin E) All of the answers are correct.
C) acetylcholine
Sympathetic nerves A) provoke feelings of sympathy. B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover. C) are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity. D) control swallowing. E) stimulate gastric secretion.
C) are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) cardiac plexus. D) pterygopalatine ganglia. E) otic ganglia.
C) cardiac plexus.
Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve. (Module 14.4B) A) brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses B) sacral and pelvic plexuses C) cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses D) cervical, cardiopulmonary, celiac, and sacral plexuses E) cervical, celiac, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses
C) cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) prevertebral E) suprarenal
C) chain
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except A) increased sweat secretion. B) reduced circulation to the skin. C) decreased heart rate. D) dilation of the pupils. E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.
C) decreased heart rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) All of the answers are correct.
C) digestion
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except A) reduction in the rate of cardiac contraction. B) constriction of the pupils. C) dilation of the airways. D) stimulation of urination. E) stimulation of defecation.
C) dilation of the airways.
79) Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. A) opposing B) complementary C) dual
C) dual
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter. B) increased heart rate. C) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves. D) activation of ventral sweat glands. E) increased gastric motility.
C) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves.
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? A) gagging on food that does not appeal to you B) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear D) dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room E) increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you
C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the ________ ganglion. A) celiac B) superior mesenteric C) inferior mesenteric D) pudendal E) pelvic
C) inferior mesenteric
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. D) anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. E) lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.
C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
Nicotinic receptors A) respond to epinephrine. B) respond to norepinephrine. C) open chemically gated sodium ion channels. D) are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system. E) open chemically gated calcium ion channels.
C) open chemically gated sodium ion channels.
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somatomotor
C) preganglionic
Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland A) are located in the adrenal cortex. B) release acetylcholine into blood capillaries. C) release epinephrine into blood capillaries. D) have no known function. E) are modified and canʹt release neurotransmitters.
C) release epinephrine into blood capillaries
Name the two types of motor pathways. (Module 14.7B) A) sympathetic and parasympathetic B) sensory and somatosensory C) somatic and visceral D) peripheral and visceral E) external and internal
C) somatic and visceral
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) suprarenal ganglia. E) white rami.
C) sympathetic chain ganglia.
The statement ʺIt controls the diameter of the pupilʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
The statement ʺPreganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholineʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
The statement ʺThere is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). A) splanchnic B) facial C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal E) trigeminal
C) vagus
Describe an intramural ganglion. (Module 14.3B) A) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the brainstem. B) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the spinal cord. C) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the target organ. D) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ. E) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons that release neurotransmitters that function as hormones into the general circulation.
D) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ.
Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors. (Module 14.7C) A) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Visceral effectors are glands and adipose tissue. B) Somatic effectors are glands and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. C) Somatic effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle. D) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. E) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Visceral effectors are adipose tissue.
D) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.
Describe the solitary nuclei. (Module 14.9C) A) They are large tracts of white matter that link the brain with the spinal cord. B) They are large tracts of white matter that relay sensory information to the cerebellum. C) They are large masses of gray matter in the pons that control respiratory rhythmicity centers. D) They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information. E) They are large masses of gray matter of each side of the medulla oblongata that relay somatic information to the thalamus.
D) They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information.
Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. A) acetylcholine B) nitric oxide C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine E) None of the answers is correct.
D) acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. E) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will not lead to A) activation of chemically gated ion channels. B) excitation of the neuron. C) entry of sodium ion. D) binding of the nicotine to the channel. E) activation of muscarinic receptors.
D) binding of the nicotine to the channel.
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located A) only in the brain stem. B) only in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) only in the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. D) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. E) only in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
D) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would not affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) salivary glands. D) lungs. E) lacrimal glands.
E) lacrimal glands.
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon A) sympathetic stimulation only. B) parasympathetic stimulation only. C) somatomotor stimulation only. D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.
D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? (Module 14.10B) A) baroreceptors B) proprioceptors C) photoreceptors D) chemoreceptors E) mechanoreceptors
D) chemoreceptors
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweat glands. D) digestive tract. E) arrector pili muscles.
D) digestive tract.
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessive salivation. D) excessive heart rate. E) depressed heart rate.
D) excessive heart rate.
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on A) postganglionic fibers. B) visceral reflex responses. C) motor neurons. D) ganglionic neurons. E) sensory neuron neurons.
D) ganglionic neurons.
Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS? A) cerebral cortex B) thalamus C) limbic system D) hypothalamus E) brain stem
D) hypothalamus
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the A) cerebrum. B) pons. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.
D) hypothalamus.
Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except A) vasoconstriction to digestive organs. B) vasodilation to skeletal muscle. C) increased heart rate. D) increased release of insulin. E) increase in alertness.
D) increased release of insulin.
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include all of the following except the A) celiac. B) superior mesenteric. C) inferior mesenteric. D) lumbar E) None of the answers is correct.
D) lumbar
Stimulation of 1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in A) an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP. B) a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. C) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion. D) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. E) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
D) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
All of the following are visceral effectors except A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipocytes. D) skeletal muscles. E) glands.
D) skeletal muscles.
Two terms that both refer to internal organs are A) sympathetic and parasympathetic. B) viscera and somatic. C) splanchnic and ganglionic. D) splanchnic and viscera. E) somatic and preganglionic.
D) splanchnic and viscera.
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? A) somatic division B) craniosacral division C) resting division D) thoracolumbar division E) both somatic division and craniosacral division
D) thoracolumbar division
Which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic outflow? (Module 14.4C) A) occulomotor nerve B) facial nerve C) glossopharyngeal nerve D) vagus nerve E) abducens nerve
D) vagus nerve
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true? A) They are proteins in the plasma membrane. B) When activated, cAMP levels are affected. C) Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. D) Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Bradʹs body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury? A) left pupil B) right pupil C) heart D) left and right pupil E) left pupil and heart
E) left pupil and heart
Baroreceptors are not found in the A) digestive tract. B) lungs. C) colon. D) aorta. E) oral cavity.
E) oral cavity.
Define dual innervation. (Module 14.8A) A) Dual innervation means that a given body system sends both sensory impulses and receives motor commands. B) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. C) Dual innervation means that sensory neurons and motor neurons are present in the tissue. D) Dual innervation means that a given body system has twice the amount of neural stimulation needed to produce an action. E) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
E) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Define splanchnic nerves. (Module 14.4A) A) Splanchnic nerves are nerves that innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, and sex organs. B) Splanchnic nerves form nerve plexuses when they intermingle with branches of the vagus nerve similar to the nerve plexuses formed by spinal nerves innervating the limbs. C) Splanchnic nerves carry sacral parasympathetic output. D) Splanchnic nerves form a collection of three cervical sympathetic ganglia (superior, middle, and inferior). E) Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.
E) Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.
Describe the ENS. (Module 14.2C) A) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. B) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that involves sensory input only. C) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that involves the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle. D) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that uses spinal reflexes to mediate changes in the effectors. E) The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.
E) The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except A) III. B) VII. C) IX. D) X. E) XII.
E) XII.
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that A) activates 1 adrenergic receptors. B) activates 2 adrenergic receptors. C) blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) activates 1 or 2 adrenergic receptors. E) activates 2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
E) activates 2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) chain ganglia. D) brainstem. E) adrenal glands.
E) adrenal glands.
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha-1 adrenergic D) alpha-2 adrenergic E) beta-1 adrenergic
E) beta-1 adrenergic
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in A) an increase in vessel diameter. B) a decrease in vessel diameter. C) oscillation in vessel diameter. D) an increase in blood flow through the vessel. E) both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
E) both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes? A) only lungs B) only aorta C) only carotid arteries D) both lungs and aorta E) both aorta and carotid arteries
E) both aorta and carotid arteries
The adrenal medullae secrete A) medullin. B) epinephrine. C) norepinephrine. D) renin. E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate? A) increased sympathetic input B) decreased sympathetic input C) increased parasympathetic input D) decreased parasympathetic input E) both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input
E) both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? A) ciliary B) pterygopalatine C) submandibular D) otic E) celiac
E) celiac
Autonomic motor neurons A) cause general relaxation. B) cause general excitation. C) conduct impulses from sensory receptors. D) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. E) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
E) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? A) elevated heart rate B) elevated blood pressure C) increased sweating D) elevated blood glucose E) constriction of pupil
E) constriction of pupil
Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? A) constriction of the pupils B) constriction of respiratory passageways C) diarrhea D) reduction in heart rate E) feeling of euphoria and increased energy
E) feeling of euphoria and increased energy
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in A) the formation of cAMP. B) increased heart rate. C) increased force of contraction. D) increased metabolism. E) inactivation of G proteins.
E) inactivation of G proteins.
The celiac ganglia do not innervate the A) liver. B) spleen. C) stomach. D) pancreas. E) intestines.
E) intestines.
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia. A) pterygopalatine B) ciliary C) coccygeal D) inferior mesenteric E) intramural
E) intramural
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata? A) swallowing reflex B) baroreceptor reflex C) coughing reflex D) cardioacceleratory reflex E) pupillary reflex
E) pupillary reflex
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to A) an increase in metabolic activity. B) relaxation of airway smooth muscle. C) the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. D) cardiac muscle stimulation. E) release of calcium from the ER.
E) release of calcium from the ER.
Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS? A) ventral roots B) dorsal rami C) spinal nerves D) ventral rami E) short pre-ganglionic fibers
E) short pre-ganglionic fibers
Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except A) smooth muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipose tissue. D) glands. E) skeletal muscle.
E) skeletal muscle.
Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by A) pH. B) PO2. C) PCO2. D) hydrogen ion concentration. E) sodium ion concentration.
E) sodium ion concentration.
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the A) suprarenal medulla. B) celiac ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) inferior mesenteric ganglia. E) splanchnic nerves.
E) splanchnic nerves.
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. D) stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex. E) stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.
E) stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.
Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A) A) somatic division and sympathetic division B) somatic division and parasympathetic division C) enteric division and the central division D) central division and sympathetic division E) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
E) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
List general responses to increased sympathetic activity and to parasympathetic activity.
General responses to increased sympathetic activity include heightened mental alertness, increased metabolic rate, reduced digestive and urinary functions, activation of energy reserves, increased respiratory rate and dilation of respiratory passageways, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and activation of sweat glands. General responses to increased parasympathetic activity include decreased metabolic rate, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands, increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract, and stimulation of urinary and defecation.
What physiological changes are typical in a tense or anxious person?
In a tense or anxious person, increased sympathetic stimulation typically causes increased alertness (being ʺon edgeʺ); a feeling of increased energy; increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; increase in muscle tone; and mobilization of energy reserves.
Why is the adrenal medulla considered to be a modified sympathetic ganglion?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers entering the adrenal gland proceed to the adrenal medulla, where they synapse on neuroendocrine cells that release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream causing sympathetic effects body wide.
Explain the significance of the ANS to homeostasis.
The ANS adjusts the activities of virtually every body system, maintaining homeostasis without instructions or interference from the conscious mind.
You go outside on a cold day, and blood flow to your skin is reduced, conserving body heat. You become angry, and your face turns red. Explain these changes.
The blood vessels of the skin receive only sympathetic innervation. When you go outside into the cold, sympathetic neurons release NE and cause vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels through stimulation of alpha receptors. When you get angry, sympathetic activation occurs, and large amounts of epinephrine enter the circulation. This stimulates beta receptors in the superficial blood vessels, dilating those vessels, and stimulates the heart, increasing blood pressure and blood flow. As a result, your skin — and most obviously your face — turns red.
Why is the parasympathetic division called the anabolic system?
The parasympathetic division is sometimes referred to as the anabolic system because parasympathetic stimulation leads to a general increase in the nutrient content of the blood. Cells throughout the body respond to the increase by absorbing the nutrients and using them to support growth and other anabolic activities.
The nervous and endocrine systems are the bodyʹs two main regulatory systems. Describe some of the ways that the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system interact.
The release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla is triggered by preganglionic sympathetic activity. The sympathetic division also controls the release of rennin from the kidneys, insulin from the pancreas, ADH from the pituitary, and melatonin from the pineal. Hormones such as thyroid have a powerful effect on brain development and metabolism.What effect would cutting the vagus nerve branch that innervates the stomach have on gastric function?
What effect would cutting the vagus nerve branch that innervates the stomach have on gastric function?
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to many organs within the ventral cavity, including the digestive organs. It stimulates gastric motility and secretion of acid and enzymes. Removing the vagus innervation will eliminate parasympathetic stimulation, leaving only sympathetic innervation, which is inhibitory. This procedure will thus greatly reduce gastric activity. Hormonal stimulation will remain but higher centers will no longer influence secretion of gastric juice.
List the different types of adrenergic receptors, the responses they produce, and by what mechanisms.
There are two types of alpha receptors and three types of beta receptors. The alpha-1 receptor produces excitation or stimulation of metabolism. It works by activation of an enzyme and/or by release of calcium ion from internal stores. The alpha-2 receptor is inhibitory on its target cell by reducing the level of cAMP. Beta-1 receptors are stimulating, causing an increase in cardiac muscle rate and force of contraction and/or lead to increased energy consumption. They activate cellular enzymes. Beta-2 receptors inhibit activity or produce relaxation in smooth muscle cells of the respiratory passageways and blood vessels of skeletal muscle. They operate through enzyme activation. Beta-3 receptors release fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Mr. Martin is suffering from a condition known as ventricular tachycardia, in which his heart beats too quickly. Would an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker help alleviate his problem? Why?
You would want to use a beta-blocker, because the stimulation of beta-1 receptors increases heart rate. By blocking these receptors, parasympathetic influence will predominate and the heart will slow down.
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? A) thoracic B) lumbar C) abdominopelvic D) vertebral E) cranial
abdominopelvic
Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called A) cholinergic. B) adrenergic. C) nicotinic. D) muscarinic.
adrenergic
15) Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) paravertebral E) suprarenal
collateral
What brain structure is considered to be the headquarters for the ANS? (Module 14.11A) A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
