Ch 14 and 15 MC

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In a cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? A. 1/4 B. 1/8 C. 1/16 D. 1/32 E. 1/64

1/64

Calico cats are female because A) a male inherits only one of the two X-linked genes controlling hair color. B) the males die during embryonic development. C) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration. D) only females can have Barr bodies. E) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange pigment production.

A) a male inherits only one of the two X-linked genes controlling hair color.

A heritable feature is a ______ and may have two or more variants called______ . A. trait/characteristics B. character/traits C. character/factors D. trait/factors E. characteristic/alleles

Character/traits

The ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotype effects

Pleiotropy

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. What is the chance that their fourth child will have a homozygous genotype? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

50%

56) A certain kind of snail can have a right-handed direction of shell coiling (DD or Dd) or left-handed coiling (dd). However, if direction of coiling is due to a protein deposited by the mother in the egg cytoplasm, then a Dd egg-producing snail and a dd sperm-producing snail will have offspring of which genotype(s) and phenotype(s)? A) 1/2 Dd:1/2 dd; all right-coiling B) all Dd; all right-coiling C) 1/2 Dd:1/2 dd; half right-coiling and half left-coiling D) all Dd; half right-coiling and half left-coiling

58) Inheritance patterns cannot always be explained by Mendel's models of inheritance. If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis I, select the choice that shows the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)? A) n+1; n+1; n-1; n-1 B) n+1; n-1; n; n C) n+1; n-1; n-1; n-1 D) n+1; n+1; n; n

Huntingdon's disease is an example of a genetic disorder caused by A. a late-acting lethal dominant allele. B. a non-lethal dominant allele. C. a late acting recessive allele. D. homozygous recessive alleles. E. multiple alleles.

A late-acting lethal dominant allele.

A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to _____. a) all of his sons b) all of his children c) half of his daughters d) all of his daughters

A man is brought to court in a paternity case. He has blood type B, Rh positive. The mother has blood group B, Rh negative. The man could never be the father of a child with which blood type? A. AB, Rh negative B. B, Rh negative C. O, Rh negative D. B, Rh positive E. None of these choices will exclude the man from possible paternity.

AB, Rh negative

A male with blood type A is married to a female with blood type B. Which of the following types would be impossible for any of their child? A. type B B. type O C. type A D. type AB E. any of the above types is possible

Any of the above types is possible

1) When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? A) The gene involved is on the Y chromosome. B) The gene involved is on the X chromosome. C) The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males. D) Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies.

15) Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16

2) Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early twentieth century? A) Individuals inherit particular chromosomes attached to genes. B) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and, in turn, segregate during meiosis. C) No more than a single pair of chromosomes can be found in a healthy normal cell. D) Natural selection acts on certain chromosome arrays rather than on genes.

22) Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways? A) There are four major functional classes of genes in Drosophila. B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes. C) The overall number of genes in Drosophila is a multiple of four. D) Drosophila genes have, on average, four different alleles.

45) Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following might then occur to make the cancer worse? A) an increase in nondisjunction B) expression of inappropriate gene products C) a decrease in mitotic frequency D) failure of the cancer cells to multiply

49) Which of the following is generally true of aneuploidies in newborns? A) A monosomy is more frequent than a trisomy. B) Monosomy X is the only viable monosomy known to occur in humans. C) Human aneuploidy usually conveys an adaptive advantage in humans. D) An aneuploidy resulting in the deletion of a chromosome segment is less serious than a duplication.

53) Correns found that the inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined only by the maternal parent. What phenomenon explains this pattern?

Why did the improvement of microscopy techniques in the late 1800s set the stage for the emergence of modern genetics? A) It revealed new and unanticipated features of Mendelʹs pea plant varieties. B) It allowed the study of meiosis and mitosis, revealing parallels between behaviors of genes and chromosomes. C) It allowed scientists to see the DNA present within chromosomes. D) It led to the discovery of mitochondria. E) It showed genes functioning to direct the formation of enzymes.

B) It allowed the study of meiosis and mitosis, revealing parallels between behaviors of genes and chromosomes.

11) In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs, not at fertilization, but after the second month of gestation. What is the first event of this differentiation? A) formation of testosterone in male embryos B) formation of estrogens in female embryos C) activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads D) activation of SRY in females and feminization of the gonads

11) Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes B) crossing over C) alignment of tetrads at the equator D) separation of cells at telophase

52) Genomic imprinting is generally due to the addition of methyl (-CH3) groups to C nucleotides and chemical histone changes to silence a given gene. If this depends on the sex of the parent who transmits the gene, which of the following must be true? A) Genes required for early development stages must not be imprinted. B) Methylation of this kind must occur more in males than in females. C) Methylation must be reversible in ovarian and testicular cells. D) The imprints are transmitted only to gamete-producing cells.

If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis? A) All the gametes will be diploid. B) Half of the gametes will be n + 1, and half will be n— 1. C) 1/4 of the gametes will be n + 1, one will be n— 1, and two will be n. D) There will be three extra gametes. E) Two of the four gametes will be haploid, and two will be diploid.

C) 1/4 of the gametes will be n + 1, one will be n— 1, and two will be n.

Women with Turner syndrome have a genotype characterized as which of the following? A) aabb B) Mental retardation and short arms C) A karyotype of 45, X D) A karyotype of 47, XXX E) A deletion of the Y chromosome

C) A karyotype of 45, X

The frequency of Down syndrome in the human population is most closely correlated with which of the following? A) Frequency of new meiosis B) Average of the ages of mother and father C) Age of the mother D) Age of the father E) Exposure of pregnant women to environmental pollutants

C) Age of the mother

What is the mechanism for the production of genetic recombinants? A) X inactivation B) Methylation of cytosine C) Crossing over and independent assortment D) Nondisjunction E) Deletions and duplications during meiosis

C) Crossing over and independent assortment

A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kind of human cell? A) Unfertilized egg cells only B) Sperm cells only C) Somatic cells of a female only D) Somatic cells of a male only E) Both male and female somatic cells

C) Somatic cells of a female only

Huntington's disease

Caused by a dominant single gene defect and generally does not appear until the individual is 30-40 years of age

Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes? a) 50% b) 75% c) 25% d) 100% e) 0%

Violet flower is dominant over white flower is a certain plant. To test if a violet flowered plant is homozygous or heterozygous with respect to genes of flower color, one would A. cross it with a red plant that had white parents B. cross it with a red plant that had red parents C. cross it with a white plant D. any of the cross will work E. none of the above will work

Cross it with a white plant

The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States is A. sickle-cell anemia B. cystic fibrosis C. Huntington's disease D. hemophilia E. phenylketoneurea

Cystic fibrosis

27) Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason? A) Nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then rejoin with one another. B) Independent assortment sometimes fails. C) Linked genes travel together at anaphase. D) Crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.

3) Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because _____. A) male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of mutations on the X chromosome B) female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the X chromosome C) X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in females D) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

31) Phenylketonuria is an inherited disease caused by a recessive autosomal allele. If a woman and her husband are both carriers, what is the probability that their first child will be a phenotypically normal girl? A) 1/4 B) 1/16 C) 3/16 D) 3/8

33) Suppose two AaBbCc individuals are mated. Assuming that the genes are not linked, what fraction of the offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for the three traits? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 1/16 D) 1/64

36) Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? A) pink flowers in snapdragons B) the ABO blood group in humans C) white and purple flower color in peas D) skin pigmentation in humans

42) A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following products? A) deletion only B) duplication only C) nondisjunction D) deletion and duplication

Which of the following chromosomal alterations would you expect to have the most drastic consequences? A. inversion B. duplication C. translocation D. deletion E. a and b are equally the most serious

Deletion

A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of the A. Fl generation of a monohybrid cross. B. F2 generation of a monohybrid cross. C. Fl generation of a dihybrid cross. D. F2 generation of a dihybrid cross. E. F2 generation of a trihybrid cross.

F2 generation of a dihybrid cross

Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism and many mental illnesses can best be described as: A. simple Mendelian disorders B. infectious diseases caused by microorganisms C. multifactorial disorders with a possible polygenic component D. all symptoms of Huntingdon's disease E. symptoms of a bad life-style

Multifactorial disorders with a possible polygenic component

New combinations of linked genes are due to which of the following? a) Crossing over b) Deletions c) Mixing of sperm and egg d) Nondisjunction e) Independent assortment

Normally, only female cats have the tortoiseshell phenotype because _____. a) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange pigment production b) only males can have Barr bodies c) a male inherits only one allele of the X-linked gene controlling hair color d) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration

One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called? a) duplication b) deletion c) translocation d) inversion

Several inherited disorders are much more common in close-knit religious communities, such as the Amish, than in the general population. This is at least partly due to the fact that A. people in such communities are more likely to marry relatives. B. shared environmental conditions such as diet can increase mutation rate. C. modern medical care is not widely available in such communities. D. community members care for each other, and disorders are passed on. E. individuals in such communities are more likely to have large families.

People in such communities are more likely to marry relatives

The genetic disease cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective allele that A. produces a dysfunctional enzyme that fails to break down brain lipids. B. causes hemoglobin molecules to collapse. C. produces a defective chlorine-channel membrane transport protein. D. produces a neurotoxin. E. produces an enzyme that breaks down musclefibers.

Produces a defective chlorine-channel membrane transport protein

Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a human disorder that causes gradual deterioration of the muscles. Only boys are affected, and they are always born to phenotypically normal parents. Due to the severity of the disease, the boys die in their teens. Is this disorder likely to be caused by a dominant or recessive allele? Is its inheritance sex-linked or autosomal? a) recessive, sex-linked b) incomplete dominant, sex-linked c) dominant, sex-linked d) recessive, autosomal

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? a) XCXC and XCY b) XcXc and XcY c) XCXc and XCY d) XcXc and XCY e) XCXC and XcY

Sex - Male ; Male ; Female Phenotype - Wild ; Yellow ; Wild Number - 123 ; 116 ; 240 In a Drosophila experiment, a cross was made between homozygous wild-type females and yellow-bodied males. All of the resulting F1s were phenotypically wild type. However, adult flies of the F2 generation (resulting from matings of the F1s) had the characteristics shown in the figure above. Consider the following question: (a) Is the mutant allele for yellow body recessive or dominant? (b) Is the yellow locus autosomal (not X-linked) or X-linked? a) (a) dominant; (b) X-linked b) (a) dominant; (b) not X-linked c) (a) recessive; (b) not X-linked d) (a) recessive; (b) X-linked

Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY region of the Y chromosome. An abnormality could allow which of the following to have a male phenotype? a) Down syndrome, 46, XX b) A person with too many X chromosomes c) Turner syndrome, 45, X d) Translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual e) A person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) X

Sickle-cell disease

Substitution of the "wrong" amino acid in the hemoglobin protein results in this disorder.

Why is sickle cell disease so called? A. because it makes people sick B. its named after a special type of white blood cell C. the blood cells collapse into a sickle shape D. because its caused by an infectious microorganism that has sickle shaped cells E. the cells lining the arteries become deformed and sickle-shaped

The blood cells collapse into a sickle shape

The frequency of crossing over between any two linked genes will be which of the following? a) The same as if they were not linked b) Dependent on how many alleles there are c) Proportional to the distance between them d) Higher if they are recessive e) Determined by their relative dominance

There are various procedures that can be used to detect genetic disorders before birth. Among the tests discussed in this chapter, ____ is the least invasive, while ____ carries the highest risk. A. chorionic villi sampling, amniocentesis B. ultrasound imaging, fetoscopy C. fetoscopy, chorionic villi sampling D. fetoscopy, amniocentesis E. ultrasound imaging, chorionic villi sampling

Ultrasound imaging, chorionic villi sampling

What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together? a) Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis. b) Alleles are paired together during meiosis. c) They are located close together on the same chromosome. d) Chromosomes are unbreakable. e) The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomes.

A man with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is expected to have any of the following EXCEPT A) lower sperm count. B) possible breast enlargement. C) increased testosterone. D) long limbs. E) female body characteristics.

C) increased testosterone.

A cell that has 2n + 1 chromosomes is A) trisomic. B) monosomic. C) euploid. D) polyploid. E) triploid.

A) trisomic.

A certain kind of snail can have a right-handed direction of shell coiling (D) or left handed coiling (d). If direction of coiling is due to a protein deposited by the mother in the egg cytoplasm, then a Dd egg-producing snail and a dd sperm-producing snail will have offspring of which genotype(s) and phenotype(s)? A) 1/2 Dd : 1/2 dd; all right coiling B) All Dd; all right coiling C) 1/2 Dd : 1/2 dd; half right and half left coiling D) All Dd; all left coiling E) All Dd; half right and half left coiling

A) 1/2 Dd : 1/2 dd; all right coiling

Morgan and his colleagues worked out a set of symbols to represent fly genotypes. Which of the following are representative? A) AaBb × AaBb B) 46, XY or 46, XX C) vg+vgse+se × vgvgsese D) +2 × +3

C) vg+vgse+se × vgvgsese

25) In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 1/16 D) 1/64

24) In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short? A) 1 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 0

A gene is considered to be non-Mendelian in its inheritance pattern if it seems to ʺviolateʺ Mendelʹs laws. Which of the following would then NOT be considered non-Mendelian? A) A gene whose expression varies depending on the gender of the transmitting parent B) A gene derived solely from maternal inheritance C) A gene transmitted via the cytoplasm or cytoplasmic structures D) A gene transmitted to males from the maternal line and from fathers to daughters E) A gene transmitted by a virus to egg-producing cells

D) A gene transmitted to males from the maternal line and from fathers to daughters

Given the parents AABBCC x AabbCc, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent? A. 1/4 B. 1/8 C. 3/4 D. 3/8 E. 1

In a dihybrid cross, the expected proportion of offspring (F2 generation) showing both recessive traits is A. 1/16. B. 3/16. C. 9/16. D. 1/4. E. 1/32.

1/16

A couple has three children, all of whom have brown eyes and blond hair. Both parents are homozygous for brown eyes (BB), but one is a blond (rr) and the other is a redhead (Rr). What is the probability that their next child will be a brown-eyed redhead? A. 1/16 B. 1/8 C. 1/4 D. 1/2 E. 1

1/2

Michelle and Keith are apparently normal, but their daughter was born with alkaptonuria, an inherited metabolic disorder. If alkaptonuria is like most human hereditary disorders, the probability of their next child being born with alkaptonuria is A. 0. B. 1/4. C. 1/2. D. 2/3. E. 3/4.

1/4

In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas the two homozygotes have red flowers or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

100%

Two true-breeding stocks of garden peas are crossed. One parent had red, axial flowers, and the other had white, terminal flowers; all Fl individuals had red, axial flowers. If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? (Assume independent assortment.) A. 65 B. 188 C. 250 D. 565 E. 750

188

A couple who are both carriers for the gene for cystic fibrosis have two children who have cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

25%

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. If their first two children have normal pigmentation, what is the chance that their third child will be an albino? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

25%

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will be an albino? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

25%

In crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygote, what is the chance of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

50%

A couple who are both carriers for the gene for cystic fibrosis have two children who have cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will be phenotypically normal? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E.100%

75%

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32 E. 1/64

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown far (b). Short tails (T) is dominant to long tails (t). What proportion of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have black fur and long tails? A. 1/16 B. 3/16 C. 6/16 D. 8/16 E. 9/16

8/16

13) All female mammals have one active X chromosome per cell instead of two. What causes this? A) activation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome that will become the Barr body B) activation of the BARR gene on one X chromosome, which then becomes inactive C) inactivation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome derived from the male parent D) attachment of methyl (CH3) groups to the X chromosome that will remain active

14) A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs? A) none B) half C) one out of four D) three out of four

19) A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to _____. A) all of his daughters B) half of his daughters C) all of his sons D) all of his children

21) In a Drosophila experiment, a cross was made between homozygous wild-type females and yellow-bodied males. All of the resulting F1s were phenotypically wild type. However, adult flies of the F2 generation (resulting from matings of the F1s) had the characteristics shown in the figure above. Consider the following questions: (a) Is the mutant allele for yellow body recessive or dominant? (b) Is the yellow locus autosomal (not X-linked) or X-linked? A) (a) recessive; (b) X-linked B) (a) recessive; (b) not X-linked C) (a) dominant; (b) X-linked D) (a) dominant; (b) not X-linked

23) Which of the following statements is true of linkage? A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them. B) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%. C) All of the traits that Mendel studied—seed color, pod shape, flower color, and others—are due to genes linked on the same chromosome. D) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes.

24) How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced? A) The two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome. B) The two genes are linked but on different chromosomes. C) Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis. D) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene.

25) What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate? A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes. B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parents. C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes. D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred.

29) Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons? A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome. B) The relationship between recombination frequency and map units is different in every individual. C) Physical distances between genes change during the course of the cell cycle. D) The gene order on the chromosomes is slightly different in every individual.

30) A man has extra digits (six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot). His wife and their daughter have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next (third) child will have extra digits? A) 1/2 B) 1/16 C) 1/8 D) 3/4

33) Which of the progeny phenotypes will require recombination between genes A and B? A) 1, 2, 5, and 6 B) 1, 3, 6, and 7 C) 2, 4, 5, and 8 D) 2, 3, 5, and 7

34) If recombination frequency is equal to distance in map units, what is the approximate distance between genes A and B? A) 3 map units B) 6 map units C) 15 map units D) 30 map units

37) What is the reason that closely linked genes are typically inherited together? A) They are located close together on the same chromosome. B) The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomes. C) Alleles are paired together during meiosis. D) Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis.

43) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce_____. A) all sharp-spined progeny B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny D) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.

43) Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual? A) 47, trisomy 21 B) 47, XXY C) 47, XXX D) 45, X

44) A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his chromosome 4 that has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome 12. Although his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis regarding his sperm? A) 1/4 will carry the two normal chromosomes, 4 and 12, 1/4 will have only the two translocation chromosomes and no normal chromosomes 4 and 12, and 1/2 will have both normal and translocated chromosomes. B) All will carry the same translocation as the father. C) None will carry the translocation. D) 1/2 will be normal and the rest will have the father's translocation.

48) A gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible? A) Each parent is either M or MN. B) Each parent must be type M. C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene. D) Neither parent can have the N allele.

48) Which of the following is known as a Philadelphia chromosome? A) a human chromosome 22 that has had a specific translocation B) a human chromosome 9 that is found only in one type of cancer C) an animal chromosome found primarily in the mid-Atlantic area of the United States D) a chromosome found only in mitochondria

50) In rabbits, the homozygous CC is normal, Cc results in deformed legs, and cc results in very short legs. The genotype BB produces black fur, Bb brown fur, and bb white fur. If a cross is made between brown rabbits with deformed legs and white rabbits with deformed legs, what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have deformed legs and white fur? A) 25% B) 33% C) 100% D) 50%

51) In humans, ABO blood types refer to glycoproteins in the membranes of red blood cells. There are three alleles for this autosomal gene: IA, IB, and i. The IA allele codes for the A glycoprotein, The IB allele codes for the B glycoprotein, and the i allele doesn't code for any membrane glycoprotein. IA and IB are codominant, and i is recessive to both IA and IB. People with type A blood have the genotypes IAIA or IAi, people with type B blood are IBIB or IBi, people with type AB blood are IAIB, and people with type O blood are ii. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the following blood types could their children possibly have? A) A and B B) AB and O C) A, B, and O D) A, B, AB, and O

51) Which of the following is an example of monosomy? A) Turner's syndrome B) Klinefelter's syndrome C) Down syndrome D) trisomy X

55) The pedigree in the figure above shows the transmission of a trait in a particular family. Based on this pattern of transmission, the trait is most likely _____. A) mitochondrial B) sex-linked dominant C) sex-linked recessive D) autosomal dominant

61) Which of the following statements is a correct explanation for the observation that all offspring exhibit a phenotype for a particular trait that appears to be a blend of the two parental varieties? A) Neither of the parental genes is dominate over the other. B) The genes for the trait are dominant in both of the parents. C) The genes are linked and do not separate during meiosis. D) The genes for the trait are recessive in both of the parents.

8) Normally, only female cats have the tortoiseshell phenotype because _____. A) a male inherits only one allele of the X-linked gene controlling hair color B) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration C) only males can have Barr bodies D) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange pigment production

9) In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?

The genetic cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive is called A. a self-cross B. a testcross C. a hybrid cross D. an Fl cross E. a dihybrid cross

A testcross

Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual? A) 47, +21 B) 47, XXY C) 47, XXX D) 47, XYY E) 45, X

A) 47, +21

What is the chromosomal system of sex determination in most species of ants and bees? A) Haploid-diploid B) X-0 C) X-X D) X-Y E) Z-W

A) Haploid-diploid

10) Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY gene. Which of the following could allow a person with an XX karyotype to develop a male phenotype? A) the loss of the SRY gene from an autosome B) translocation of SRY to a X chromosome C) a person with an extra autosomal chromosome D) a person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) X

15) A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. What proportion of their sons would be color-blind and of normal height? A) none B) half C) one out of four D) all

18) A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind? A) 1/4 B) 1/2 C) 2/3 D) 3/4

26) Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent with genotype AABBCc? A) 1/4 B) 3/4 C) 3/8 D) 1

26) What is the definition of one map unit? A) the physical distance between two linked genes B) a 1% frequency of recombination between two genes C) 1 nanometer of distance between two genes D) the recombination frequency between two genes assorting independently

34) In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white? A) red × white B) roan × roan C) white × roan D) red × roan

36) The greatest distance among the three genes is between a and c. What does this mean? A) Gene c is between a and b. B) Genes are in the order: a—b—c. C) Gene a is not recombining with c. D) Gene a is between b and c.

38) A homozygous tomato plant with red fruit and yellow flowers was crossed with a homozygous tomato plant with golden fruit and white flowers. The F1 all had red fruit and yellow flowers. The F1 were testcrossed by crossing them to homozygous recessive individuals and the following offspring were obtained: Red fruit and yellow flowers—41 Red fruit and white flowers—7 Golden fruit and yellow flowers—8 Golden fruit and white flowers—44 How many map units separate these genes? A) 17.6 B) 15 C) 17.1 D) 18.1

38) Which of the following provides an example of epistasis? A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb) results in an albino corn snake. B) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing. C) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes. D) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines.

42) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. The relationship between genes S and N is an example of _____. A) incomplete dominance B) epistasis C) pleiotropy D) codominance

54) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive human disorder in which an individual cannot appropriately metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid is not naturally produced by humans. Therefore, the most efficient and effective treatment is which of the following? A) Feed them the substrate that can be metabolized into this amino acid. B) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to severely limit the uptake of the amino acid. C) Feed the patients the missing enzymes in a regular cycle, such as twice per week. D) Feed the patients an excess of the missing product.

56) One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. Which of the following is the best explanation for why a young, affected child is the first in her family to be diagnosed? A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it. B) One of the parents has a mild expression of the gene. C) The condition skipped a generation in the family. D) The child has one more chromosome than either of the parents.

58) What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait? A) 0% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%

62) The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same chromosomes) can be predicted from data if one is given the parent or offspring genotypes or phenotypes. Two organisms, with genotypes BbDD and BBDd, are mated. Assuming independent assortment of the B/b and D/d genes, determine the genotypic ratios in offspring that would occur. A) 1/2 BBDD 1/2 bbdd B) 1/4 BBDD 1/4 BbDD 1/4 BBDd 1/4 BbDd C) 9/16 BBDD 3/16 BbDD 3/16 BBDd 1/16 bbdd D) 1/4 BBDD 1/2 BbDd 1/4 bbdd

New combinations of linked genes are due to which of the following? A) Nondisjunction B) Crossing over C) Independent assortment D) Mixing of sperm and egg E) Deletions

B) Crossing over

4) Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways? A) There are four major functional classes of genes in Drosophila. B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes. C) The overall number of genes in Drosophila is a multiple of four. D) The entire Drosophila genome has approximately 400 map units. E) Drosophila genes have, on average, four different alleles.

B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes.

12) Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their twenties. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition?

16) Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a human disorder that causes gradual deterioration of the muscles. Only boys are affected, and they are always born to phenotypically normal parents. Due to the severity of the disease, the boys die in their teens. Is this disorder likely to be caused by a dominant or recessive allele? Is its inheritance sex-linked or autosomal? A) dominant, sex-linked B) recessive, autosomal C) recessive, sex-linked D) incomplete dominant, sex-linked

20) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is inherited as a recessive allele of an X-linked gene in humans. A woman whose father suffered from G6PD marries a normal man. (a) What proportion of their sons is expected to be G6PD? (b) If the husband was not normal but was G6PD deficient, would you change your answer in part (a)? A) (a) 100%; (b) no B) (a) 1/2; (b) yes C) (a) 1/2; (b) no D) (a) zero; (b) no

28) What is an adaptive advantage of recombination between linked genes? A) Recombination is required for independent assortment. B) Recombination must occur or genes will not assort independently. C) New allele combinations are acted upon by natural selection. D) The forces on the cell during meiosis II results in recombination.

29) Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers? A) 9/16 B) 1/16 C) 3/16 D) 1/4

31) In a series of mapping experiments, the recombination frequencies for four different linked genes of Drosophila were determined as shown in the figure above. What is the order of these genes on a chromosome map? A) rb-cn-vg-b B) cn-rb-b-vg C) b-rb-cn-vg D) vg-cn-b-rb

32) Assuming independent assortment for all gene pairs, what is the probability that the following parents, AABbCc × AaBbCc, will produce an AaBbCc offspring? A) 1/2 B) 1/16 C) 1/8 D) 3/4

35) What is the greatest benefit of having used a testcross for this experiment? A) The homozygous recessive parents are obvious to the naked eye. B) The homozygous parents are the only ones whose crossovers make a difference. C) The phenotypes of the progeny reveal the allelic content of the gamete from the heterozygous parent. D) All of the progeny will be heterozygous.

35) Which of the following describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple phenotypic effects? A) incomplete dominance B) multiple alleles C) pleiotropy D) epistasis

39) In Drosophila melanogaster, vestigial wings are caused by a recessive allele of a gene that is linked to a gene with a recessive allele that causes black body color. Morgan crossed black-bodied, normal-winged females and gray-bodied, vestigial-winged males. The F1 were all gray bodied, normal winged. The F1 females were crossed to homozygous recessive males to produce testcross progeny. Morgan calculated the map distance to be 17 map units. Which of the following is correct about the testcross progeny? A) black-bodied, normal-winged flies = 17% of the total B) black-bodied, normal-winged flies PLUS gray-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total C) gray-bodied, normal-winged flies PLUS black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total D) black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total

39) Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait. If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following? A) red and long B) white and long C) purple and long D) purple and oval

4) SRY is best described as _____. A) a gene present on the X chromosome that triggers female development B) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the Y chromosome C) a gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development D) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the X chromosome

40) If cell X enters meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs in one of its daughter cells during meiosis II, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis? A) All the gametes descended from cell X will be diploid. B) Half of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, and half will be n - 1. C) 1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n - 1, and 1/2 will be n. D) Two of the four gametes descended from cell X will be haploid, and two will be diploid.

41) One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called? A) deletion B) inversion C) translocation D) duplication

41) Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 1/2 D) 0

46) Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced twenty-two offspring, five of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies? A) yyBB and yyBB B) yyBB and yyBb C) yyBb and yyBb D) yyBb and yybb

47) A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative. Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? A) A negative B) O negative C) B positive D) AB negative

47) What is a syndrome? A) a characteristic facial appearance B) a trait that leads to cancer at some stage in life C) a group of traits typically found in conjunction with a particular chromosomal aberration or gene mutation D) a specific characteristic that appears in conjunction with one specific aneuploidy

49) Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? A) It is recessive. B) It is dominant. C) It is pleiotropic. D) It is epistatic.

5) In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? A) tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males B) black females; orange males C) tortoiseshell females; black males D) orange females; black males

50) A woman is found to have forty-seven chromosomes, including three X chromosomes. Which of the following describes her expected phenotype? A) a female with masculine characteristics such as facial hair B) an apparent male who is sterile C) healthy female of slightly above-average height D) a sterile female

52) An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of the following procedures to her patient? A) karyotyping of the woman's somatic cells B) X-ray C) amniocentesis or CVS D) blood transfusion

53) In some parts of Africa, the frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following? A) Mendel's law of independent assortment B) Mendel's law of segregation C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection D) the malarial parasite changing the allele

54) Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in coding for proteins needed for protein complexes of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Therefore, mutations in mitochondrial genes would most affect _____. A) DNA synthesis in cells of the immune system B) the movement of oxygen into erythrocytes C) generation of ATP in muscle cells D) the storage of urine in the urinary bladder

55) Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare human genetic disorder in which there is very early senility and death, usually from coronary artery disease, at an average age of 13 years. Patients, who look very old even as children, do not live to reproduce. Which of the following represents the most likely assumption? A) The disease is autosomal dominant. B) The disorder will increase in frequency in successive generations within a family. C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene. D) Each patient will have had at least one affected grandparent or parent.

A plantlike organism on the planet Pandora can have three recessive genetic traits: bluish leaves, due to an allele (a) of gene A; a feathered stem, due to an allele (b) of gene B; and hollow roots due to an allele (c) of gene C. The three genes are linked and recombine as follows: A geneticist did a testcross with an organism that had been found to be heterozygous for the three recessive traits and she was able to identify progeny of the following phenotypic distribution (+ = wild type): Phenotypes Leaves Stems Roots Number 1 a + + 14 2 a + c 0 3 a b + 32 4 a b c 440 5 + b + 0 6 + b c 16 7 + + c 28 8 + + + 470 Total 1000 32) Which of the following are the phenotypes of the parents in this cross? A) 2 and 5 B) 1 and 6 C) 4 and 8 D) 3 and 7

The following questions refer to the pedigree chart in the figure below for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. 57) What is the genotype of individual II-5? A) WW B) Ww C) ww D) ww or Ww

17) In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme that is much like the typical XY scheme seen in humans and many other organisms, except that the system is reversed: Males are ZZ (similar to XX in humans) and females are ZW (similar to XY in humans). A lethal recessive allele that causes death of the embryo occurs on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female? A) 1:1 male to female B) 3:1 male to female C) 1:2 male to female D) 2:1 male to female

37) Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? A) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved B) the allele for blue hydrangea being completely dominant C) the alleles being codominant D) environmental factors such as soil pH

40) Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following? A) a multiple allelic system B) sex linkage C) codominance D) incomplete dominance

44) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios? A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless D) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

46) A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition? A) The woman inherited this tendency from her parents. B) The mother had a chromosomal duplication. C) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in somatic cell production. D) The mother most likely underwent nondisjunction during gamete production.

57) During meiosis, a defect occurs in a cell that results in the failure of microtubules, spindle fibers, to bind at the kinetochores, a protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. Which of the following is the most likely result of such a defect? A) New microtubules with more effective binding capabilities to kinetochores will be synthesized to compensate for the defect. B) Excessive cell divisions will occur resulting in cancerous tumors and an increase in the chromosome numbers known as polyploidy. C) The defect will be bypassed in order to and ensure normal chromosome distribution in the new cells. D) The resulting cells will not receive the correct number of chromosomes in the gametes, a condition known as aneuploidy.

59) What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww? A) 3/4 B) 1/4 C) 2/4 D) 1

6) Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? A) XnXn and XnY B) XNXN and XnY C) XNXN and XNY D) XNXn and XNY

7) A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? A) Hh B) HhTt C) T D) HT

7) Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked, recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%

The figure below shows the pedigree for a family. Dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. Males are represented by squares, females by circles. 60) From this pedigree, this trait seems to be inherited _____. A) from mothers B) as an autosomal recessive C) as a result of epistasis D) as an autosomal dominant

The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome. 30) Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination? A) A and W B) E and G C) A and E D) A and G

What is the chromosomal system for sex determination in birds? A) Haploid-diploid B) X-0 C) X-X D) X-Y E) Z-W

E) Z-W

A 0.1% frequency of recombination is observed A) only in sex chromosomes. B) only on genetic maps of viral chromosomes. C) on unlinked chromosomes. D) in any two genes on different chromosomes. E) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome.

E) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome.

Phenylketonuria

Effects of this recessive gene can be overcome by regulating the diet of the affected individual.

A man is brought to court in a paternity case. He has blood type B, Rh positive. The mother has blood group B, Rh negative. The child's blood type is A, Rh negative. What can you say about the man's chances of being the father? A. He is the father. B. He might be the father. C. He is not the father. D. He might not be the father. E. There is not enough information to make a decision.

He is not the father

Below are three major discoveries that led to our understanding of genetics. I. an understanding of mitosis and meiosis II. an understanding of DNA structure and function III. Mendel's realization of the particulate nature of heredity Which of the following is a CORRECT historical progression of these three events from first to last? A. I, II, III B. II, III, I C. I, III, II D. III, II, I E. III, I, II

III, I, II

In a cross between two heterozygotes (Aa), the next generation will be A. in the ratio 1:3 heterozygous to homozygous B. all heterozygous C. in the ratio 1:1 homozygous to heterozygous D. all homozygous E. in the ratio 1:3 homozygous to heterozygous

In the ratio 1:1 homozygous to heterozygous

A 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is a sign of A. complete dominance. B. multiple alleles. C. incomplete dominance. D. polygenic inheritance. E. pleiotropy.

Incomplete dominance

The phenotype of the heterozygote differs from the phenotypes of both homozygotes

Incomplete dominance

Tay-Sachs disease

Individuals with this disorder are unable to metabolize brain lipid, which affects proper brain development. Affected individuals die in early infancy

Roan color in cattle is the result of absence of dominance between red and white color genes. How would one produce a herd of pure-breeding roan-colored cattle? A. cross roan with roan B. cross red with white C. cross roan with red D. cross roan with white E. It cannot be done

It cannot be done

The ABO blood group system

Multiple alleles

You cross a true-breeding red-flowered snapdragon with a true-breeding white-flowered one. All of the F1 are pink. What does this say about the parent traits? A. red and white are codominant B. red is dominant C. both red and white are recessive D. red and white show incomplete dominance E. pink is dominant, while red and white are recessive

Red and white show incomplete dominance

In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. When two roan cattle are crossed, the phenotypes of the progeny are found to be in the ratio of 1 red: 2 roan: l white. Which of the following crosses could produce the highest percentage of roan cattle? A. red x white B. roan x roan C. white x roan D. red x roan E. All of the above crosses would give the same percentage of roan.

Red x white

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? a) XNXN and XnY b) XnXn and XnY c) XNXn and XNY d) XNXN and XNY

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? A. pink flowers in snapdragons B. the ABO blood groups in humans C. sex-linkage in humans D. white and purple color in sweet peas E. skin pigmentation in humans

Skin pigmentation in humans

John and Jane are planning a family, but since each has a brother who has sickle cell anemia, they are concerned that their children may develop sickle-cell disease. Neither John, Jane nor their respective parents have the disease. They consult a genetic counselor who tells them A. there is very little chance that any of their children will have sickle-cell disease B. that all of their children will have sickle-cell disease C. that one out of four of their children could be expected to have sickle cell-disease D. that its possible that none of their children will have the disease but blood tests on them both will be required to make sure E. that it is impossible to tell whether or not their children could have the disease.

That its possible that none of their children will have the disease but blood tests on them both will be required to make sure

In people with sickle cell disease the red blood cells breakdown, clump, and clog the blood vessels. The broken cells accumulate in the spleen. Among other things this leads to physical weakness, heart failure, pain, brain damage and spleen damage. Affected individuals become paralyzed and can develop rheumatism, pneumonia and other diseases and kidney failure. This is an example of A. the polygenic nature of sickle cell disease B. the pleiotropic effects of the sickle cell allele C. an epistatic interaction between the sickle cell allele and a proteolytic enzyme gene D. infectious organisms acting on the sickle cell allele E. side effects of the drugs used to cure sickle-cell disease

The pleiotropic effects of the sickle cell allele

You set up an experiment in which you breed two populations of true-breeding pea plants. The first true-breeding population has yellow round seeds and the second has green wrinkled seeds. All of the F1 plants yield yellow round seeds. When you self fertilize the F1 the F2 generation yields a mixture of yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round and green wrinkled seeds. What does this tell you about the alleles for seed color and shape? A. the recessive alleles are always expressed B. the alleles are on different chromosomes C. the two alleles for each character segregate during gamete production. D. four different genes control flower shape and color E. both genes are on the same chromosome

The two alleles for each character segregate during gamete production.

While on a field trip in the jungle you find a new species of mouse. You catch a pair and take them back to the lab. In mice, black coat color, B, is dominant to brown b, yet the female mouse gives rise to a large litter in which 9 of the offspring were black, 3 were brown and 4 were white. You conclude that A. a new mutation has occurred in the mice B. this is an example of polygenic inheritance C. there must be an epistatic interaction influencing coat color D. the coat color alleles are codominant E. the coat color alleles are incompletely dominant

There must be an epistatic interaction influencing coat color

What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his research? A. There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas. B. Traits are inherited in discrete units, one from each parent. C. Dominant genes occur more frequently than recessive ones. D. Genes are composed of DNA. E. An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.

Traits are inherited in discrete units, one from each parent

Homophilia A is an X-linked recessive human disorder. A man with homophilia marries a woman who is a homophilia A carrier (she's heterozygous). What is the chance that the first daughter born to this couple has homophilia? a) 0 b) 1/4 c) 1/2 d) 3/4 e) 1

Which of the following statements is true? a) All of the traits that Mendel studied - seed color, pod shape, flower color, and others - are due to genes linked on the same chromosome. b) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes. c) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them. d) Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis. e) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%.

14) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants that will be true-breeding? A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 only

A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind? a) 1/2 b) 2/3 c) 3/4 d) 1/4

1) What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents. B) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied. C) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations. D) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.

21) Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white. (a) What is the most probable genotype of each parent? (b) Based on your answer in (a) above, what genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected in these progeny? (Assume the following symbols: G = gray and g = white.) A) (a) GG × gg; (b) genotypic = 3:1, phenotypic = 1:2:1 B) (a) Gg × Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1 C) (a) GG × Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 2:1 D) (a) gg × Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2, phenotypic = 3:1

5) Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation to _____. A) obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics B) observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear C) observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear D) distinguish which alleles were segregating

9) The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following? A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation. B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7. C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome. D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. 12) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves? A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C) 4 only D) 1, 2, and 3

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because A) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome. B) male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of mutations on the X chromosome. C) female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the X. D) X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in females. E) mutations on the Y chromosome often worsen the effects of X-linked mutations.

A) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome.

An inversion in a human chromosome often results in no demonstrable phenotypic effect in the individual. What else may occur? A) There may be deletions later in life. B) Some abnormal gametes may be formed. C) There is an increased frequency of mutation. D) All inverted chromosomes are deleted. E) The individual is more likely to get cancer.

B) Some abnormal gametes may be formed.

Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY region of the Y chromosome. An abnormality could allow which of the following to have a male phenotype? A) Turner syndrome, 45, X B) Translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual C) A person with too many X chromosomes D) A person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) X E) Down syndrome, 46, XX

B) Translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual

19) Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation and have one child out of three who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What are the genotypes of the albino's parents? A) One parent must be homozygous for the recessive allele; the other parent can be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous. B) One parent must be heterozygous; the other parent can be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous. C) Both parents must be heterozygous. D) One parent must be homozygous dominant; the other parent must be heterozygous. Answer: C

22) When Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants, all the offspring were yellow seeded. When he took these F1 yellow-seeded plants and crossed them to green-seeded plants, what genotypic ratio was expected? A) 1:2:1 B) 3:1 C) 1:1 D) 1:1:1:1

10) Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? A) prophase I of meiosis B) anaphase II of meiosis C) metaphase II of meiosis D) anaphase I of meiosis

16) Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? A) No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype. B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression. C) The traits blended together during fertilization. D) One allele was dominant

In order for chromosomes to undergo inversion or translocation, which of the following is required? A) Point mutation B) Immunological insufficiency C) Advanced maternal age D) Chromosome breakage and rejoining E) Meiosis

D) Chromosome breakage and rejoining

Which of the following is a map of a chromosome that includes the positions of genes relative to visible chromosomal features, such as stained bands? A) Linkage map B) Physical map C) Recombination map D) Cytogenetic map E) Banded map

D) Cytogenetic map

A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following products? A) Deletion only B) Duplication only C) Nondisjunction D) Deletion and duplication E) Duplication and nondisjunction

D) Deletion and duplication

Genomic imprinting is generally due to the addition of methyl (-CH3) groups to C nucleotides in order to silence a given gene. If this depends on the sex of the parent who transmits the gene, which of the following must be true? A) Methylation of C is permanent in a gene. B) Genes required for early development stages must not be imprinted. C) Methylation of this kind must occur more in males than in females. D) Methylation must be reversible in ovarian and testicular cells. E) The imprints are transmitted only to gamete-producing cells.

D) Methylation must be reversible in ovarian and testicular cells.

3) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 64

13) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? A) 1 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? A) XcXc and XcY B) XcXc and XCY C) XCXC and XcY D) XCXC and XCY E) XCXc and XCY

E) XCXc and XCY

If a human interphase nucleus contains three Barr bodies, it can be assumed that the person A) has hemophilia. B) is a male. C) has four X chromosomes. D) has Turner syndrome. E) has Down syndrome.

C) has four X chromosomes.

20) A black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced twelve black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, six blacks and six albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation? A) Albino is recessive; black is dominant. B) Albino is dominant; black is incompletely dominant. C) Albino and black are codominant. D) Albino is recessive; black is codominant.

6) Which of the following statements about independent assortment and segregation is correct? A) The law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. B) The law of segregation requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. C) The law of independent assortment is accounted for by observations of prophase I. D) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase of mitosis.

A 0.1% frequency of recombination is observed: a) only on genetic maps of viral chromosomes. b) on unlinked chromosomes. c) in any two genes on different chromosomes. d) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome. e) only in sex chromosomes.

A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. What proportion of their sons would be color-blind and of normal height? a) Three out of four b) One out of four c) None d) All e) Half

A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his chromosome 4 that has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome 12. Although he is normal because his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis regarding his sperm? A) 1/4 will be normal, 1/4 with the translocation, 1/2 with duplications and deletions. B) All will carry the same translocation as the father. C) None will carry the translocation since abnormal sperm will die. D) His sperm will be sterile and the couple might consider adoption. E) 1/2 will be normal and the rest with the fatherʹs translocation.

A) 1/4 will be normal, 1/4 with the translocation, 1/2 with duplications and deletions.

In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female? A) 2:1 male to female B) 1:2 male to female C) 1:1 male to female D) 4:3 male to female E) 3:1 male to female

A) 2:1 male to female

SRY is best described in which of the following ways? A) A gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development B) A gene present on the X chromosome that triggers female development C) An autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the Y chromosome D) An autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the X chromosome E) Required for development, and males or females lacking the gene do not survive past early childhood

A) A gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development

Which of the following statements describes genomic imprinting? A) It explains cases in which the gender of the parent from whom an allele is inherited affects the expression of that allele. B) It is greatest in females because of the larger maternal contribution of cytoplasm. C) It may explain the transmission of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. D) It involves an irreversible alteration in the DNA sequence of imprinted genes.

A) It explains cases in which the gender of the parent from whom an allele is inherited affects the expression of that allele.

Which of the following statements is true? A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them. B) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%. C) All of the traits that Mendel studiedseed color, pod shape, flower color, and others are due to genes linked on the same chromosome. D) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes. E) Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis.

A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them.

Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons? A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome. B) The relationship between recombination frequency and map units is different in every individual. C) Physical distances between genes change during the course of the cell cycle. D) The gene order on the chromosomes is slightly different in every individual. E) Linkage map distances are identical between males and females.

A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome.

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? A) The gene involved is on the X chromosome. B) The gene involved is on the Y chromosome. C) The gene involved is on an autosome. D) Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies. E) Other female-specific factors influence eye color in flies.

A) The gene involved is on the X chromosome.

What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate? A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes. B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parents. C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes. D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred. E) Independent assortment is hindered.

A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.

How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced? A) The two genes are linked. B) The two genes are linked but on different chromosomes. C) Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis. D) The testcross was improperly performed. E) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene.

A) The two genes are linked.

What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together? A) They are located close together on the same chromosome. B) The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomes. C) Chromosomes are unbreakable. D) Alleles are paired together during meiosis. E) Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis.

A) They are located close together on the same chromosome.

In 1956 Tijo and Levan first successfully counted human chromosomes. The reason it would have taken so many years to have done so would have included all but which of the following? A) Watson and Crickʹs structure of DNA was not done until 1953. B) Chromosomes were piled up on top of one another in the nucleus. C) Chromosomes were not distinguishable during interphase. D) A method had not yet been devised to halt mitosis at metaphase.

A) Watson and Crickʹs structure of DNA was not done until 1953.

If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase of meiosis I, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)? A) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 B) n + 1; n - 1; n; n C) n + 1; n - 1; n - 1; n - 1 D) n + 1; n + 1; n; n E) n - 1; n - 1; n; n

A) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1

2) What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas. B) Traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the results of "blending." C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones. D) Genes are composed of DNA.

27) Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? A) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur B) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur C) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring D) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic events

Correns described that the inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined by the maternal parent only. What phenomenon does this describe? A) Mitochondrial inheritance B) Chloroplast inheritance C) Genomic imprinting D) Infectious inheritance E) Sex-linkage

B) Chloroplast inheritance

Abnormal chromosomes are frequent in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following might then occur to make the cancer worse? A) An increase in non-disjunction B) Expression of inappropriate gene products C) A decrease in mitotic frequency D) Death of the cancer cells in the tumor E) Sensitivity of the immune system

B) Expression of inappropriate gene products

17) Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6022 yellow and 2001 green (8023 total). The allele for green seeds has what relationship to the allele for yellow seeds? A) dominant B) incomplete dominant C) recessive D) codominant

18) Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino? A) 0 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1

23) Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails? A) 1/16 B) 3/8 C) 1/2 D) 9/16

4) The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason? A) recurrent mutations forming new alleles B) crossing over during prophase I C) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes D) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together

8) Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that _____. A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F1 B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between the F1 and the F2 plants C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1 D) members of the F1 generation had only one allele for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for each trait

28) Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule? A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the cross AaBb × AaBb, where B is the symbol for black. B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each heterozygous for both genes. C) Calculate the probability of each of four children having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both heterozygous. D) Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both.

Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in coding for proteins needed for electron transport. Therefore in which body systems would you expect most mitochondrial gene mutations to be exhibited? A) The immune system and the blood B) Excretory and respiratory systems C) The skin and senses D) Nervous and muscular systems E) Circulation

D) Nervous and muscular systems

What is the source of the extra chromosome 21 in an individual with Down syndrome? A) Nondisjunction in the mother only B) Nondisjunction in the father only C) Duplication of the chromosome D) Nondisjunction or translocation in either parent E) It is impossible to detect with current technology

D) Nondisjunction or translocation in either parent

A woman is found to have 47 chromosomes, including 3 X chromosomes. Which of the following describes her expected phenotype? A) Masculine characteristics such as facial hair B) Enlarged genital structures C) Excessive emotional instability D) Normal female E) Sterile female

D) Normal female

A couple has a child with Down syndrome when the mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which is the most probable cause? A) The woman inherited this tendency from her parents. B) One member of the couple carried a translocation. C) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in somatic cell production. D) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in gamete production.

D) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in gamete production.

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? A) Tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males B) Black females; orange males C) Orange females; orange males D) Tortoiseshell females; black males E) Orange females; black males

D) Tortoiseshell females; black males

One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called? A) Deletion B) Disjunction C) Inversion D) Translocation E) Duplication

D) Translocation

What is the chromosomal system for determining sex in mammals? A) Haploid-diploid B) X-0 C) X-X D) X-Y E) Z-W

D) X-Y

E) 100%

In humans, male-pattern baldness is controlled by an autosomal gene that occurs in two allelic forms. Allele Hn determines nonbaldness, and allele Hb determines pattern baldness. In males, because of the presence of testosterone, allele Hb is dominant over Hn. If a man and woman both with genotype HnHb have a son, what is the chance that he will eventually be bald? A) 0% B) 25% C) 33% D) 50% E) 75%

E) 75%

At which phase(s) is it preferable to obtain chromosomes to prepare a karyotype? A) Early prophase B) Late telophase C) Anaphase D) Late anaphase or early telophase E) Late prophase or metaphase

E) Late prophase or metaphase

Down syndrome has a frequency in the U.S. population of ~ 1/700 live births. In which of the following groups would you expect this to be significantly higher? A) People in Latin or South America B) The Inuit and other peoples in very cold habitats C) People living in equatorial areas of the world D) Very small population groups E) No groups have such higher frequency

E) No groups have such higher frequency

The frequency of crossing over between any two linked genes will be which of the following? A) Higher if they are recessive B) Dependent on how many alleles there are C) Determined by their relative dominance D) The same as if they were not linked E) Proportional to the distance between them

E) Proportional to the distance between them

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? a) Black females; orange males b) Orange females; orange males c) Tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males d) Orange females; black males e) Tortoiseshell females; black males

In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why? a) The female gamete determines sex because only the female gamete provides cytoplasm to the zygote. b) The female gamete determines sex because only the female gametes can have one of two functional sex chromosomes. c) The chromosome contribution from both parents determines sex because the offspring uses all the parents' chromosomes. d) The male determines sex because the sperm can fertilize either a female egg or a male egg. e) The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome.

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