ch 14 and 15

Marc's physician is conducting an EEG to help diagnose his epilepsy. The physician detects a pattern called a 3/sec spike and wave. What type of seizure is Marc most likely experiencing?

Absence seizure

Which of the following are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease? Please select all that apply.

Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary tangles

Emotions are possibly adaptive for which of the following reasons? Please select all that apply.

Arousal, Enjoyment of the arts, Communication

The facial feedback and power pose hypotheses are least consistent with which of the following theories of emotion? Please select all that apply.

Cannon-Bard and Catharsis theory

Who has modified his/her emotional expression as a result of learning and culture?

Dr. David, who didn't show disgust while cleaning a dirty wound

Which is not true of an emotion?

Emotions are general states that last longer periods of time.

Which type of plasticity is best aligned with rehabilitation efforts?

Experience-dependent plasticity

Not all Alzheimer's patients have known genetic contributions to the disorder, but there are some known genes that result in it being inherited as a dominant trait. Which of the following is not one of the known genes?

FOXP2

Homicide rates show little variation across cultures.

False

Which of the following does not support the idea that emotional expression has a strong biological basis?

Fraternal twins are more similar than monozygotic twins regarding the age they begin to show fear of strangers.

According to John Olney's excitotoxicity hypothesis, which of the following neurochemicals might be responsible for much of the damage due to a stroke?

Glutamate

Anna has been diagnosed with a benign brain tumor. Which of the following is not true?

Her tumor will likely spread to other parts of her nervous system.

Which of the following observations support a hypothesis stating that major human emotional expressions are universal? Please select all that apply.

Human infants with visual impairments demonstrate social smiling at the same point in development as sighted infants do. People from different cultures interpret emotional expressions in similar ways. Visually impaired athletes respond to winning and losing with expressions that are similar to sighted athletes.

Which of the following probably contribute to cognitive reserve?

IQ Educational attainment Enriching leisure activities

Paul's new patient demonstrates a very natural spontaneous smile, but when asked to smile for a photo, the right side of the patient's mouth is not responsive. Where should Paul expect to find a lesion in the patient's brain?

In the left precentral gyrus

According to applications of the _______ theory, if Will wanted to feel happy, he should smile.

James-Lange

The Kennard Principle, which states that recovery is a function of age at the time of injury, applies most clearly to which of the following functions?

Language

Studies have shown that genetics and the environment both interact to result in aggression. For instance, boys with a low-activity version of the _____ gene were ____ likely to be antisocial (a common precursor to aggression) if they had been abused as children.

MAOA; more

In its early stage, HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) is often mistaken for which of the following psychological disorders?

Major depressive disorder

Which of the following type of cell is most likely to be attacked by the immune system in cases of multiple sclerosis?

Oligodendrocytes

Joyce is examining children who do and do not demonstrate theory of mind in the Sally-Anne task. Activity in which of the following structures might differ between the two groups?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Following a head injury, Ralph experiences seizures that originate in some scar tissue in his temporal lobe. It is likely that Ralph will be diagnosed with which of the following types of seizure disorders?

Partial seizure

Which of the following dimensions is related to the valence of an emotion?

Positive--negative

Which of the following is a necessary modification of the Kennard Principle?

Regardless of age, language remains a priority system.

In which of the following ways is the SAM system different from the HPA Axis? Please select all that apply.

SAM activates faster than the HPA Axis does. SAM enhances immune responding but the HPA Axis suppresses it.

Desiree heard a really loud noise. She quickly looked around and determined that the loud noise must have been thunder. She felt nervous and afraid so she went to seek out shelter from the storm. Which theory best explains Desiree's experience?

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor

Migraine headaches are associated with abnormalities in the functioning of which of the following neurochemicals?

Serotonin

Under which of the following circumstances might we expect to see impulsive aggression?

The frontal lobes are unable to counteract strong threat messages from the amygdala.

Which of the following structures is responsible for tracking cortisol levels released due to stress?

The hippocampus

How will children who have achieved Theory of Mind respond to the Sally-Anne task?

They will say that Sally will look for her ball where she left it.

Which of the following are risk factors for stroke? Please select all that apply.

Use of stimulant drugs, like methamphetamine and cocaine Smoking Hypertension

Humans pay the most attention to faces and can make a wide range of facial expressions. The human face is controlled by cranial nerves _____ and _____.

V; VII

Alarm

a car nearly hits you while you're crossing in a crosswalk

Unlike the amygdala, the _____ contributes to the more conscious, cognitive appraisals of threat.

anterior cingulate cortex

Nasir and his brother were playing a video game. Nasir lost and got really mad. However, he calmed himself down and didn't throw the controller or hit his brother because he knew his mom wouldn't let him play anymore if he did. Nasir was able to control his aggression thanks to his _____ and his _____

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); orbitofrontal cortex

Portia has multiple sclerosis (MS), which attacks her oligodendrocytes leading to demyelination. Portia was surprised to learn that MS was a(n) ______ disease.

autoimmune

Tamara has been experiencing a lot of sad events lately. According to the _____ theory, she should relieve her emotions by crying.

catharsis

Normally, the ______ acts to inhibit the actions of the hypothalamus and other subcortical regions. Studies in which it was removed in animals resulted in ______.

cerebral cortex; sham rage

Genaro has had a very serious stroke. Doctors determined that he had a _____ due to a ruptured ______ (a balloon-like bulge in the walls of arteries).

cerebral hemorrhage; aneurysm

The primary goal of health-related PSAs is to

change attitudes and behaviors

Ariana and Duyen both had a similar stroke last year. Both underwent similar physical therapy and had similar treatment. However, doctors explain that Duyen had better recovery due to her

cognitive reserve

Nanette has ______ seizures that normally begin in her temporal lobes and are associated with alterations in consciousness. During the seizures, Nanette gets very confused and often doesn't remember the seizure.

complex partial

Callista has been very stressed following the death of her mother. Her doctor is concerned about her high levels of _____ disrupting her sleep quality because this increases her risk for becoming ____

cortisol; obese

Alicia is a participant in a study that involves rating health-related PSAs, and has a prior history of drug use. Based on the research of the Media Neuroscience Lab, she is most likely to respond to an anti-drug PSA by engaging in _

counterargument

Oda was injured while riding her bicycle and ended up with a concussion. The site where she hit her head is called the _____, but she also sustained a(n) _____ injury (to the opposite side of her head).

coup; countercoup

Functional approach

engaging in activities designed to restore the ability to drive a car

Cognitive approach

engaging in exercises designed to boost selective attention skills

Joseph has been caring for his aging parents for many years now. While he is happy to help, he finds himself very stressed and has been getting sick a lot. He also feels like he has little energy compared to a year ago. Psychologists would likely say that Joseph has reached the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model.

exhaustion

Robert had a minor stroke affecting movement in his right arm and hand. He is going to rehabilitation to learn how to improve his abilities to use his right arm and hand in everyday activities like eating. The goal of his rehabilitation is to encourage _

experience-dependent neuroplasticity

Although humans use the whole body to express emotions, they pay most attention to the

face, especially the eyes

High levels of serotonin activity predict aggression.

false

Highly competitive, hard-working "Type A" personality is positively associated with heart disease and other health challenges.

false

Meningitis caused by bacteria is less dangerous than meningitis caused by viruses and fungi.

false

Most of the stressors experienced by hunter-gatherers were likely to produce chronic rather than acute stress.

false

Neurocognitive diseases are described by the World Health Organization's ICD coding system (ICD-11) but not by the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5.

false

Neuropsychologists receive PhD degrees, but not PsyD degrees.

false

Neuropsychologists specialize exclusively in treating older adults

false

People are either "born" to be resilient or not. Experience has very little to do with resilience.

false

People who lack the APOE e4 allele rarely if ever develop Alzheimer's disease.

false

Psychologists have identified only one type of aggressive behavior--impulsive or "hot" aggression.

false

Short bursts of stress reduce immune system functioning but chronic stress does not.

false

The genes that are associated with high levels of aggression in animals have not been conserved in humans.

false

There is no point in continuing rehabilitation efforts more than six months following an injury, as all of the rewiring that is likely to happen has already occurred by that time.

false

Moderate Alzheimer's disease

frontal lobe

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor

general arousal leads to cognitive appraisals that help us identify the emotion we're experiencing

In which of the types of tissues do tumors usually arise in the brain? Please select all that apply.

glia Meninges

Claudia was a victim of abuse as a child and now has a hard time handling stress as an adult. As a result of her childhood, she likely has fewer ______ receptors than other individuals who were not abused.

glucocorticoid

Nerissa was with some friends walking through a scary, haunted house. At one point, a clown jumped out from behind a wall to startle everyone. Although she isn't normally violent, Nerissa screamed and tried to kick the clown. This form of aggression would be labeled as

hot

Nerissa was upset when her brother broke her toy, and she hit him. This form of aggression would be labeled as

impulsive

Elvera has been diagnosed with a glioma. This means she has a tumor that developed

in her glial cells

Repeated exposure and attacks from the resident rat induced an anticipation of social defeat in the "defeated" intruder. This translated to ____ anxiety levels

increase

Research has suggested that one way the HIV virus results in neuronal death is by

indirectly binding to NMDA receptors resulting in a calcium influx

Erika has been stressed for a long time. She has started getting sick more often. This is probably because her chronic stress has suppressed the activity of her

lymphocytes

Kalen grew up in a safe home with a very loving and attentive mother. As an adult, Kalen would be expected to have a ____ response of her ______ when she faces stress

milder; HPA axis

A _____ disorder is diagnosed when a patient experiences a decline in functioning in one or more cognitive domains.

neurocognitive

Diane is a soldier and suffered head trauma during an explosion. She is likely to see a(n) ______, who will handle the medical aspects of her concussion and other injuries. She is also likely to see a ____, who will provide rehabilitation for any cognitive changes (e.g., attention span problems).

neurologist; neuropsychologist

Dr. Burke is part of a specialized field within clinical psychology called _____. She seeks to treat and understand patients with cognitive impairments due to issues like aging and injury.

neuropsychology

Dallas and Bill are really good friends. They are able to communicate with each other using only gestures and facial expressions, which are forms of

nonverbal communication

Deja's cat was scared by a big dog. Without making a sound, her fur stood on end and she arched her back. This form of _____ alerted the dog to leave her alone.

nonverbal communication

Severe Alzheimer's disease

occipital lobe

James-Lange

physical responses lead to conscious and subjective awareness of an emotion

Lorri, who passed away recently, is believed to have had Alzheimer's disease. To confirm this diagnosis, doctors would need to discover the presence of ______ and ______.

plaques; neurofibrillary tangles

CCK levels in the "defeated" intruder's brain, suggesting ___ correlation between anxiety and CCK.

positive

In the second experiment, the intact rat jumps higher than its "amygdala-damaged" counterpart in response to the light and bell stimuli. That's because in the past, the light had preceded an electrical shock, so this fear ____ its response.

potentiated

The brain scans of research participants who have watched and rated PSAs are particularly useful in

predicting the behavior of future high-risk participants

Shoshana has been diagnosed with Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, which is caused by

prions

Recent research has implicated a role for oxidative stress in the development of Alzheimer's disease. This means that

research is suggesting that people are developing Alzheimer's disease because of not being able to neutralize free radicals with antioxidants

Instead of being upset that her ex was attending the same party, Bernadette used ______, which is a form of emotion regulation, by talking to her new friend, Christopher, and ignoring her ex.

selective attention

Low levels of _____ are associated with higher levels of aggression and other acts like violent suicide attempts.

serotonin

To treat migraines, doctors often use triptans, which act as ____ agonists and prevent the release of _____.

serotonin; CGRP

In the first part of the experiment, where the rats were startled by the sound of the bell, we observed the

startle reflex

In the final experiment, the "defeated" intruder became anxious in the presence of the resident rat even though they never came into contact. Characterize its behavior and brain chemistry after the CCK-antagonist was administered. Its CCK levels ____ and its anxiety ____

stayed the same; decreased

Jason is taking a walk when he comes across a very scary snake. As a result of the danger, his hypothalamus activates both the ____ system and the _____ axis.

sympathetic adrenal-medullary; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

Mild cognitive impairment

temporal lobe

Mild Alzheimer's disease

temporal lobe and parietal lobe

The hypothesis that suggests that brain reorganization is a function of developmental age is known as

the Kennard Principle

Cannon-Bard

the physical and subjective awareness of emotions occur simultaneously and independently

Marilyn and Carolyn are laughing that Marilyn's driver's license picture looks so much different than her candid smile. Carolyn explained to her that posed smiles are controlled by _____ whereas candid smiles are controlled by _____.

the primary motor cortex; a subcortical system

Pieter had a severe seizure. During the seizure, he had a short period where he lost consciousness and stopped breathing. Then he began violently shaking as his muscles contracted. His doctors in the hospital said he experienced a _____ seizure.

tonic-clonic

"Off the shelf" video games, especially those with movement detection, have been used extensively in rehabilitation because their efficacy is as good as specially designed rehab activities.

true

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease requires an autopsy and therefore cannot be made prior to death.

true

A very large number of violent crimes in the US are perpetrated by people under the influence of alcohol.

true

Among the viruses that can produce encephalitis are West Nile and Zika.

true

Botox injections are an approved treatment for migraine headaches.

true

Central nervous system tumors are among the most common types of cancer in children, but not in adults.

true

Children with greater exposure to prenatal testosterone are more physically aggressive.

true

Gene x environment interactions might explain why some maltreated youth are antisocial while others are resilient.

true

Graduate programs now often combine neuropsychology and clinical psychology in regards to coursework and internship placements.

true

Having a strong internal locus of control is associated with lower levels of stress.

true

Hormones released due to maternal stress can cross the placenta and affect the fetus's physical features.

true

In Michael Meaney's research on maternal nurture, well-nurtured rodent pups were more resistant to stress as adults.

true

In typically lateralized individuals, interpretation of emotional expressions is associated with activity in the right hemisphere.

true

It is possible to develop very aggressive strains of animals by breeding the most aggressive of each generation to each other.

true

Karl was in a traffic accident while not wearing a seat belt, and he sustained an injury to his frontal lobes. His neurologist also expects Karl to have visual impairments due to a countercoup.

true

Lie detector results are so inconclusive that they are not typically admitted to US courts of law.

true

My left eyebrow receives input from both my right and left hemispheres, but my left lower mouth area receives input from my right hemisphere alone.

true

Neurocysticercosis is usually diagnosed after a patient experiences focal seizures.

true

Neuropsychologists work in interdisciplinary teams that often include neurologists and neurosurgeons.

true

Neuropsychology is a subfield within clinical psychology.

true

Testosterone influences aggression by making the amygdala more sensitive to threat.

true

The Halsted-Reiten Battery is a standardized instrument that takes a patient many hours to complete.

true

The Kennard Principle states that younger brains are more plastic than older brains.

true

The infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) cannot be neutralized by typical hospital sterilization techniques.

true

The most common form of meningitis is _____, and it does not respond to antibiotics.

viral

resistance

you complete your homework while trying to figure out how to pay your rent

exhaustion

you withdraw from from your classes due to stress

Marquis almost got into a car accident while driving down the interstate. Now, his heart is beating rapidly, he's breathing quickly, and his palms are sweaty. According to the GAS model, he is in the _____ phase

alarm reaction

Some seizures occur when the brain's balance between excitation (e.g., glutamate) and inhibition (e.g., GABA) is disturbed. This is why people who are undergoing withdrawal from chronic abuse of _____ are at risk for seizure activity.

alcohol

____ contributes to violence by reducing the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the cingulate and frontal cortices.

alcohol

Jamel has been diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome and as a result has amnestic confabulatory neurocognitive disorder. This disorder is the result of _____ resulting in ______.

alcohol abuse; a vitamin deficiency

Doctors have demonstrated that more important than most other factors in determining if a person will recover successfully from stroke or injury is the

amount of stimulation in the environment

Bilateral damage to the _____ produces reduced emotionality.

amygdala

Jennifer has Down syndrome. Like patients with Alzheimer's disease, she also shows signs of accumulating _____ in her nervous system.

amyloid plaques

Many boxers and American football players who have had repeated head injuries suffer from a condition called ______ ("boxer's syndrome").

dementia pugilistica