Ch 14 Infection and Infectious Diseases

what are the three types of reservoirs?

-Animal Reservoir -Human Carriers -Nonliving Reserovir

Immune suppression is when_ (describe what it is and causes for it)

-Anything that suppress the body's immune system -immune system does not work properly -due to treatments (cancer treatment and medicines), malnutrition, genetics, chronic disease, emotional and physical stress, extremes of age (too old or too young)

Resident Microbiota (longevity in the body or duration within body/ effects on humans)

-Are a part of the normal microbiota throughout life -Causes no harm, may be helpful

If the womb is a free microbe environment, when does the baby obtain the microorganisms that will be part of the resident and transient microbiota?

-At birth, microorganisms come into contact with the baby's body, and the first breath and food introduce others. -Microbiota begins to develop during the birthing process -Much of ones resident microbiota established during the first months of life -First breath got microorganisms of upper respiratory tract -Colonize skin (contact from others) -First meals colonize gut.

what are some examples of living microorganisms that infect humans? (3) what is the most common?

-Bacteria (Most common) -Fungi -Protozoan

How the numerous agencies at the local, state, national, and global. work with the entire spectrum of health care personnel to promote public health? (concerning sharing of data)

-By submitting reports on incidence and prevalence of diseases to public officials, physicians can subsequently learn of current disease trends -Public health agencies often provide physicians with laboratory and diagnostic assistance -State accumulates data similar to MMWR to assist local health departments and medical practitioners with diagnostic testing for diseases -Data collected by the state is reported CDC (branch of the US public health service) -CDC conduct research in disease etiology, prevention, immunization

what are the ways to control nosocomial infections?

-By using aggressive control measures -These include: -disinfection -medical aspesis (good housekeeping, handwashing, bathing, sanitary handling og food, proper hygiene, and precautionary measures to avoid to spread of pathogens among patients) -surgical asepsis -sterile procedures -Isolation of particularly contagious or susceptible patients -Establishment of a nosocomial infection control committee charged with surveillance of nosocomial diseases and review of control measures

Antiphagocytic factors prevent_

-Certain factors prevent phagocytosis by the host's phagocytic cells

why transient microbiota cannot remain in the body?

-Competition from other microorganisms -Elimination by the body's defenses cells (immune system) -Chemical or physical changes in the body (pH and temperature)

Beta hemolysis

-Complete hemolysis (takes blood cells and completely breaks them down) -Transform blood gar from red to normal agar color (complete clearing of the blood cells around a colony) -Look yellow halo around the bacteria if looked against light

Animal reservoirs (ways to get infected from them (3), definition and disease they cause, effects on animal reservoir)

-Direct contact with animal or its waste, Eating animals, Bloodsucking arthropods (vector) -Diseases that spread naturally from animals to humans are called zoonoses or zoonotic diseases -sometimes may affect the animal reservoir

Extracellular enzymes (what they dissolve, how they help the microorganism)

-Dissolve structural chemicals in the body -Help pathogen maintain infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses

Two categories of extracellular enzymes (include enzymes in each category)

-Dissolve structural chemicals in the body: hylauronidase and collagenase -Help pathogen maintain infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses: coagulase and kinase

How biofilms works in terms of attachment?

-Does not attach to host but attach to other bacteria in a web -form large complex of sticky mass that are harder to get right out of them using antibitotics

List the portals of exit (11)

-Ear (earwax) -Broken skin (blood) -Skin (flakes) -Anus (feces) -Eyes (tears) -Nose (secretions) -Mouth (saliva, sputum) -in females: mammary glands (milk secretions) and Vagina (secretions, blood) -Urethra (urine) -Seminal Vesicle (Semen and lubricating secretions)

Types of nosocomial infections (describe them) (3)

-Exogenous - pathogen acquired from the health care environment -Endogenous - pathogen arise from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting (opportunistic disease) -Iatrogenic - results from modern medical procedures (treatment such as with antibiotics or medical procedures such as surgery).

why pathogens need reservoirs?

-Most pathogens cannot survive long outside of their host -If pathogens are to enter new hosts, they must survive in some site from which they can infect new hosts.

what are the types of symbiosis?

-Mutualism -Commensalism -Parasitism

Gama hemolysis

-No hemolysis or no damage to the red blood cells -Blood agar remains the same

Describe the portal of entry: parental route (route, where, how get?)

-Normal routes circumvented. -Pathogen deposited directly to tissues beneath skin or mucous membrane. -Punctures, abrasions, stabs, etc,

superinfections

-Nosocomial Iatrogenic infection -result of animicrobial drugs that, by inhibiting some resident microbiota, allow other to thrive in the absecne of competition

where adhesins are found within bacteria?(3)

-On fimbriae, flagella, and glycocalyces

Alpha hemolysis

-Partial hemolysis or partial damage of red blood cells -Many organisms produce a green pigment when grown on blood media

what are the two ways that phagocytosis is blocked or avoided by bacteria?

-Phagocytosis blocked by capsule -Incomplete phagocytosis

Describe the portal of entry: placenta (think about its function and the percent of chance to contamination)

-Placenta provides nutrients to baby -Does serve as effective barrier, but some pathogens can cross and infect fetus or embryo. (2% of pregnancies)

Droplet transmission (definition, examples, range of contamination)

-pathogens can be transmitted via droplet nuclei (droplets of mucus) that exit the body during exhalation, sneezing, and coughing. -Pathogen must travel less than 1 meter to be considered droplet transmission

4 extracellular enzymes

Hyaluronidase Collagenase Coagulase Kinase -

How can you change a bacteria from being pathogenic to avirulent in regards with ligands?

Inability to make attachment proteins (virus) or adhesins (bacteria) renders the microorganisms avirulent

What are some exposures to microbes? (6)

Reach us by food, water, air, wounds, biting, sexual intercourse

portals of entry (definition)

The entry sites of pathogens into the human body

Explain why some of the resident bacteria are commensal?

They feed on excreted cellular wastes and dead cells without causing harm

Toxemia

Toxemia refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection

From where a disease can be transmitted? (2)

Transmission from either a reservoir or portal of exit

Ex of organism that is parasitic?

Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung

Symptoms

subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone.

Microbes live with their hosts in _relationships

symbiotic

Pain, headache, dizziness, and fatigue would be a sign or symptom?

symptom

what organization coordinates efforts to improve public health throughout the world, particularly in poor countries ?

the World Health Organization (WHO)

disease is the consequence or the outcome of the infection?

the consequence but not the outcome

index case

the first case of the disease in a given area or population.

which of the portals of entry is not technically a portal of entry? why?

the parental route because it is not a portal of entry but instead a means by which the portals of entry can be circumvented

the mucous membranes line_ (the ones that are portals of entry) (5)

the respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract urinary tract reproductive tract conjunctiva covering the surface of the eye.

what are the uses of signs and symptoms? (include what else you need)

they are used in conjunction with laboratory tests to make diagnoses

pathogenicity

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

What are the categories to classify infectious diseases when grouped by time course (longevity) and severity? (4)

acute subacute chronic latent

subcategories of vehicle transmission

airborne waterborne foodborne

Antiphagocytic factors allow them to_

allow them to survive inside of macrophages.

a highly virulent organism _causes a disease

almost always

Morbidity

any change from a state of health

Why zoonoses are difficult to eradicate?

because extensive animal reservoirs are often involved and they would be more difficult depending on the larger the animal reservoir and the greater the contact between human and animals.

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for teh pathogen is a _vector

biological

what type of symbiosis does most normal microbiota's organisms have with humans?

commensalism

tell one case in which changes in relative abundance of normal microbiota may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease

consumption of antibiotics -use antibiotics disrupt the levels by killing microorganisms in your gut by trying to kill the bad ones that results in the killing of the good ones

Infectious disease categories depending on the origin of the infection

copmmunicable noncommunicable

epidemiology is the frequent study of diseases at_

different levels of the population

subcategories of contact transmission

direct indirect droplet

Chronic disease

disease develops slowly but is continual or recurrent.

Latent disease (definition and example)

diseases are those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before producing signs and symptoms (become active). (hepatitis)

Subacute disease

diseases have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic.

zoonoses

diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal host to humans

What is the most effective way to prevent nosocomial infections?

effective handwashing by all medical and support staff

extracellular enzymes enable them to_ (4)

enable them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body and thereby maintain an infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses

what are the four terms for the occurrence of disease when combining both geographic distribution and frequency?

endemic disease sporadic epidermic pandemic

Extracellular enzymes are_

enzymes secreted by the pathogen

the study of disease at the population level is done by_

epidermiology

The study of the cause of a disease is_

etiology

what are the symptoms of the presence of endotoxins? (5)

fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, and blood coagulation

what are examples of specialized structures for attachment? (2)

fimbriae (small hairs) and slime layer (glycocalyxes) loosely attaches

usually the host cell receptor would be a _

glycoprotein containing sugar molecules

Exotoxins (what type of gram bacteria produce them, the types, definition, what they cause)

gram +/- cytotoxin, neurotoxin or enterotoxin toxins that are secreted by pathogens into their environment (living pathogen) -Destroy host cells and interfere with host metabolism

Syndromes

group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease or condition.

adhesins of bacteria enables the organism to attach to the_

host cellular tissue or surface of cell

what is a type of capsule used as antiphagocytic factor?

hyaluronic acid capsules

noncommunicable

infectious diseases arise from outside of hosts or from normal microbiota.

the suffix "emia" means

inside the blood

Experimental epidemiology

involves testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical studies concerning the cause of a disease.

Acute disease

is one which develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, whether resolving or causing death of the host.

Descriptive epidemiology

is the careful recording of data concerning a disease

Descriptive epidemiology includes_

it often includes detection of the index case

how body limits the extent and duration of infections?

it produces phagocytic cells (white blood cells) that engulf and remove invading pathogens

An example of attachment protein for adhesion is_

ligands

Symbiosis

means "to live together."

subcategories of vector transmission

mechanical biological

Disease is also referred to as_

morbidity

how a bacteria that produces extracellular enzymes can become avirulent?

mutant strains of the same species that have defective genes for these extracellular enzymes

should you have a large number of people that got infected by a disease to be considered epidemic?

no because you just need to have more cases than historical statics indicate are expected

Other names for Normal Microbiota

normal flora and indigenous microbiota

Sign

objective manifestations of the disease that can be observed or measured by others

which, incidence or prevalence, is a cumulative number?

prevalence

contamination

refers to the mere presence of microbes in or on the body

what is the major way the immune system fight infections?

through phagocytosis

if toxins are present there would be a_damage

tissue

how epidemiology track occurrence of disease?

using two methods: incidence and prevalence

Infection

Successful invasion of the body by a pathogen

MMWR

- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Publish weekly by CDC.

Coagulase (what does and what its function for the bacteria)

- coagulates blood proteins --enzyme that starts coagulation blood proteins (see clumps) -when the cloatting happens, the bacteria can grow inside the coagulate and helps it to avoid body immune system cells -Clot provides hiding place for bacteria

Kinase (what it does, how helps bacteria, and what allows)

- digests clots -helps bacteria get out of the protective clot to be able to infect after reproduce -Allow subsequent invasion of damaged tissue

Collagenase

- digests collagen

prevalence (definition and what type of disease)

- number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time -diseases that last a long time

endemic

-A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or area -Will be find within the location where we expect to find those particular pathogens

when a patient is infectious in these steps of the disease?

-A patient is likely to be infectious during every stage of disease -Depends on the disease, if the microorganism is still inside of you, the chances infects you are small but still are there (all and any stages)

biofilm (definition, use, adheres to, example)

-A slimy community of microbes growing on a surface -Used to attach to others to form a sticky web of bacteria and polysaccharides -Adheres to a surface within the host -Ex: dental plaque

Ex of organism that is commensalistic?

staphylococcus on skin

Exotoxin vs endotoxin where they are made within the bacteria/ chemical nature/ toxicity/ effect on host/ fever producing?/ antigenicity (stimulate immune response)

-Exotoxins: metabolic product secreted from living cells/ protein or short peptide/ high/ Variable depending on source (cytotoxin, neurotoxin, enterotoxin)/ no/ strong (stimulates antitoxin production) -Endotoxins: portion of outer (cell wall) membrane released upon cell death/ lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (lipid A) of outer (cell wall) membrane/ low, but fatal in high doses/ Fever, lethargy, malaise, shock, blood coagulation/ yes/ weak

Capsules (type, characteristics, 2 ways help for antiphagocytic factor of bacteria)

-Glycocalyx -tightly attach -hide from immune system -enable bacteria to avoid process of phagocytosis -*Often composed of chemicals found in the body and not recognized as foreign -*Can be slippery making it difficult for phagocytes to engulf the bacteria (pseudopodia cannot grip capsule)

Human carriers

-Humans may be asymptomatic carriers of infection. -Some carriers eventually develop the disease, while others remain a continued source of infection without ever becoming sick. -Presumably many such healthy carriers have defensive systems that protect them from illness. -somebody that harbor the microorganisms but they are asymptomatic (no symptoms/ signs/ manifestation) but can be the source of infection that other person get sick

hyaluronic acid (digested by and where can be found)

-Hylaruonidase -Glue that holds animal cells together -it is part of the extracellular matrix that holds cells together (glue cells together)

describe circumnstances that the opportunistic pathogens can cause a disease (3)

-Immune suppression -Changes in the normal microbiota - changes in relative abundance of normal microbiota may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease -Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body

who performed the earliest descriptive epidemiological study? (describe it)

-John Snow, who studied a cholera outbreak in London, and mapped the locations of the cholera cases in a particular part of the city -He found cases were clustered around the Broad Street water pump -The disease was spread via contamination of drinking water by sewage

Portals of exit (why use them and definition)

-Just as infections occur through portals of entry, so pathogens must leave infected patients through portals of exit in order to infect others. -Exit site of pathogenic microorganisms, which can be the same as the portal of entry or via secretions and excretions of the body

Describe the portal of entry: mucous membranes (where mucous membranes localized, what they provide to the microbe, what is the most commonly used site, entry is through the_,pathogens that enter stomach are able to do what and how they enter?)

-Line the body cavities that are open to the environment -Provides a moist, warm environment that is hospitable to pathogens -Respiratory tract is the most commonly used site of entry - entry to respiratory is through the nose, mouth or eyes -Pathogens able to survive the acidic pH of the stomach may use the gastrointestinal tract as a route of entry

what are the benefits that microbes have and humans have from having a mutualism relationship?

-Microbe have a warm and moist environment where to live and get nutrients -Human obtains vitamins and nutrients that are produced by the microbe

Microbial antagonism (other name and definition)

-Microbial competition -Normal condition in which established microbiota use up available nutrients and space, reducing the availability of arriving pathogens to colonize (also produce toxic wastes)

How health public agencies use information of epidemiology to limit disease transmission?

-Public health organizations use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards for clean, potable water; that is, water that is fit to drink. -They also work to regulate food safety standards -to prevent disease by controlling vectors and animal reservoirs -to educate people to make healthful choices concerning the prevention of disease. (flu/ handwashing/sexual attitudes to prevent sexual transmission of disease) -Immunization -Locate and prophylatically treat individuals exposed to contagious pathogens -Establish isolation and quarantine measures to control spread of pathogens

Normal Microbiota

-Refers to the organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease -Live in and on the body

Transitional Microbiota (Duration within the body, location where they are found in the broad sense, can remain in body or not?)

-Remain in the body for only hours to months before disappearing -Found in the same regions as resident microbiota -Cannot persist in the body

what are the two types of normal microbiota?

-Resident Microbiota -Transitional Microbiota

what are the potential outcomes of contamination?

-Resident microbiota, -transient microbiota -Infection - successful invasion of pathogen (May or may not cause disease.)

what is a factor that difficult the treatment of diseases? (talking about ways to treatment with medicine)

-Resistant and growing resistant to antibiotics-> difficult to treat them when they are acquired -Ways to become resistant: -new mutation -acquire piece of DNA from a resistant pathogen (conjugation, transformation, transduction).

What are the 4 portals of entry for microbes into the body?

-Skin -Mucous membranes -Placenta -Parental route

Describe the portal of entry: skin (2 ways microbes enter)

-Some pathogens can enter through openings (hair follicles and sweat glands) or cuts -Others enter by burrowing into or digesting the outer layers of skin

Antiphagocytic chemicals (2 ways aid in antiphagocytic factor of bacteria)

-Some prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles (ex: M protein) -Leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells

fimbriae

-Sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces

epidemiology

-Study of the occurrence and spread of diseases within groups of humans -Study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations

Asymptomatic (other name and definition)

-Subclinical -Lack symptoms

ligands (definition and who uses them)

-Surface lipoproteins or glycoproteins that bind to complementary host cell receptors -bacteria and viruses use them

Mutualism (definition and how it varies)

-Symbiotic relation -in which both members benefit -Varies from being not necessary to being very important and that organisms cannot live without each other

Parasitism (definition and how varies)

-Symbiotic relation -a parasite benefits while the host is harmed -Slight damage to kill the host

Commensalism

-Symbiotic relation -one member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected.

Describe the womb in terms of colonization of microorganisms (normal microbiota)

-The womb is an axenic environment, free of microbes. -Development of the baby within the mother's womb is generally free of microorganisms -Due to amniotic membrane and fluid and the axenic environment

What are some parts that has resident microbiota? (also temporarily colonized by transient organisms) (6)

-Upper respiratory tract -Upper and Lower digestive tract -Female urinary and reproductive system -Male urinary and reproductive system -Eyes -Skin

avirulent (definition and reasons)

-does not cause disease -harmless -genetic change or mutation and exposure to certain physical or chemical agents (vaccines)

what are examples of free microbe (axenic) environment?

-Womb -Blood -Cerebral Spinal Fluid

what parts of the body normally will become parts of normal microbiota?

-any that has opening to outside (skin, digestive, respiratory, etc) -Anything that is in contact with the outside environment

Vector (definition and types)

-are animals such as arthropods that transmit diseases from one host to another. -can be either biological or mechanical

Adhesion (other name and definition)

-attachment -Process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

How health care workers stimulates the production of antitoxins?

-by administering immunizations composed of toxoids, which are toxins that have been treated with heat and chemicals to make them nontoxic but still capable of stimulating the production of antibodies

Body fluid transmission (definition and who has to be specially careful about it, how obtained)

-can occur when blood, urine, and other fluids are handled outside the body. -health care workers need to be careful -from contacting conjuctiva or any breaks in the skin or mucous membranes

what are the two structures or virulence factors that help for antiphagocytic functions?

-capsules -Antiphagocytic chemicals

Virulence factors

-characteristics that contribute to an organisms virulence -list of traits of structures that make the bacteria to cause disease

Collagen (digested by what enzyme and definition)

-collagenase -body's chief structural protein

contagious disease

-communicable disease that is easily transmitted from a reservoir or patient -no spread from one host to another, and diseased patients are not a source of contamination for others

virulence

-degree of pathogenicity -is the relative ability of a pathogen to infect a host and cause a disease

Hyaluronidase (what digest and what helps bacteria to do)

-digest hyaluronic acid -extracellular matrix prevent bacteria to enter -> if bacteria able to digest the glue (hylaruonic acid between cells), it would be able to enter and cause disease

Following infection, a sequence of events called the_(term and what happens within it in broad sense) occurs

-disease process -How progress since they are introduced and become a disease -Signs of disease and growth of population of pathogens

enterotoxins

-exotoxin -affect cells lining the gastrointestinal tract

cytotoxins

-exotoxin -kill host cells in general or affect their function

neurotoxins

-exotoxin -specifically interfere with nerve cell function

axenic

-free of microbes -Sites that are free of any microbes

Reasons for the release of endotoxins (3)

-gram negative divide -gran negative naturally die or treated with antibiotics -gram negative is digested by phagocytic cells

Microbial contaminants include _ (3)

-harmless resident and transient members of the normal microbiota, as well as pathogens.

a less virulent organism_(include example conditions) causes a disease

-include opportunistic pathogens -only in a weakened host or presented in overwhelming numbers

Mechanical vectors (definition, examples)

-insects that we encounter more frequently-> they carry microorganisms on their bodies -vectors are not required as hosts by the pathogens they transmit; such vectors only passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts. -ex: flies, roaches

Foodborne transmission (definition and examples)

-involves pathogens in and on foods that are poorly processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. -ex: Poultry, seafood, meat

direct contact transmission

-involves person-to-person spread by bodily contact. -ex: handshaking, kissing, sexual intercourse, bites, scratching, touch animal reservoir, from mother to baby through placenta, self-contagion

Airborne transmission (definition and contamination range and example)

-involves the spread of pathogens to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via an aerosol, a cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in the air. -Spread of pathogens farther than 1 meter from its source -Ex: dust particles

Prodromal period (definition and signs and symptoms)

-is a short time of generalized, mild symptoms such as malaise, that precedes illness -Vague, general symptoms that proceed to the step 3

pandemic (definition and level)

-is an epidemic occurring on more than one continent. -global level

epidemic (when we can obtain it and definition)

-once we know an expectation of a disease based on history -Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area -occur at greater normal frequency above the expected number

Waterborne (important to spread what kind of diseases including what examples of diseases, examples, how water can act)

-is important in the spread of many gastrointestinal pathogens -including giardiasis and cholera. -Contaminated water, which lasts long period of time -ex: steams and swimming pools -water can act as reservoir or as a vehicle of infection

Illness (definition, which types of disease end here, immune system response to it, amount of pathogens, and symptoms and signs)

-is the most severe stage, when signs and symptoms are most evident (most intense). -Fatal diseases end at this stage. -Immune system has not responded to pathogens yet -greatest number of pathogens -Most severe signs and symptoms

Vehicle transmission

-is the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food, as well as bodily fluids being handled outside the body. -transportation or deliver diseases into our bodies

Decline (definition and signs and symptoms)

-is the stage during which the patient's body gradually returns to normal as the immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the pathogen. -signs and symptoms decrease

Incubation period (definition, length determined by_, signs and symptoms)

-is the time between an infection and occurrence of the first symptoms. -When bacteria introduced -Length of incubation period depends on the virulence of the infective agent, the infective dose (initial # pathogens), the state and health of the patient's immune system, the nature of the pathogen and its reproductive time, and the site of infection -No signs or symptoms

why the respiratory tract is more infected than the gastrointestinal tract?

-it does not have the acidic pH that the gastrointestinal tract has, which helps to prevent the entrance of microorganisms -Respiratory tract is the most common side of entry because does not have any characteristic that makes it hard to the bacteria to get in

how ligands are called in bacteria? how they are called in viruses?

-ligands are called adhesin on bacteria and attachment proteins on viruses

Nosocomial infections

-nosocomial diseases are acquired by patients or staff in health care facilities. -Infections acquired while in a health care facility

Biological vectors (serve for, type, how pathogen enter host, example)

-not only transmit pathogens; they also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of its life cycle -biting animals or arthropods (feed on you) -Enter host through bite -Ex: lice, mites, mosquitoes, ticks

incidence (definition and question)

-number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time -how many new cases of a disease?

Indirect contact transmission

-occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another via fomites, inanimate objects that are inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. -In contact with things that were contaminated by infected person -These include needles, toothbrushes, tissues, toys, coins, drinking glasses, and other objects that can harborb or transmit pathogens.

pathogen

Any parasite that cause a disease

Analytical epidemiology (what it seeks to determine and how they figure out)

-seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease, its mode of transmission, and possible means of prevention. -retrospective: they attempt to identify causation and mode of transmission after an outbreak has occurred

what are the two manifestations of a disease?

-signs -Symptoms

if a person is assymptomatic, does it mean that they are healthy?

-someone can be sick but nothing that they perceive -but they do have some change (disease) that they cannot feel

parasite that allow their hosts to survive are most likely to_. Host that tolerate a parasite are more likely to_

-spread -reproduce

Fecal-oral infection (definition, contribution to spread diseases, and what spreads example)

-spread of pathogenic microorganisms in feces to the mouth, such as results from drinking sewage-contaminated water -infection is a major source of disease in the world, as certain worms and enteroviruses shed in the feces enter the gastrointestinal system

what is the function of the information concerning about a disease within populations recovered by epidermiologists?

-take steps to reduce the number of cases -improve the health of individuals within a community

Convalescence (definition, signs and symptoms, length depends on_)

-the patient recovers and tissues are repaired. -No signs or symptoms -The length depends on amount of damage, nature of pathogen, site of infection, and overall health of patient

antitoxins

-the way the body protects from toxins -antibodies that the host forms to bind with and destroy or neutralize toxins.

phagocyte (what it is and what it needs to grasp a microbe)

-type of immune cell that can eat or phaogocytose a microorganism-> by extending out the cell membrane to around the bacteria -to be able to grab the bacteria, immune cell needs to attach to the bacterial surface

Incomplete Phagocytosis steps

1. Attachment 2. Ingest (moves inside the cell) 3. Failure: : when bacteria is inside the immune cell; inside the immune cell has lysosome, so lysosome should dump all the digestive enzymes on the bacteria. some bacteria prevent fusion with lysosome-> so bacteria can reproduce inside of the immune cell. blocks the enzymes that are secreted the lysozome to dump into the bacteria

Describe the broad action of coagulase and kinase (3 steps)

1. Bacteria produce coagulase 2. Clot forms 3. Bacteria later produce kinease, dissolving clot and releasing bacteria

List the stages of infectious disease (5) (disease process)

1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal Period 3. Illness 4. Decline 5. Convalescence

Describe the broad action of hyaluronidase and collagenase (3 steps)

1.Invasive bacteria reach epithelial surface 2. Bacteria produce hyaluronidase and collagenase 3. Bacteria invade deeper tissues

what are the three factors that exist in a healthcare facility that make it prone to nosocomial infections? (describe them)

1.Presence of microorganisms in hospital environment (because you put sick people in the same place and includes antimicrobial resistant agents) 2. Immunocompromised patients (weakened immune system of patients that are ill or sick->more susceptible to opportunistic infections) 3. Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients (from staff and visitors, to patients, and even from one ...

sporadic

A disease is considered sporadic when only a few scattered cases occur.

what is an example of a syndrome?

AIDS

how is a way to prevent infections using the knowledge of ligands?

Ability to change or block the Bacterial adhesin or virus protein (ligand) or its receptor can prevent infection

Virulence factors contribute to an organisms virulence

Adhesion factors Biofilms - Do not attach directly but form sticky web (attach to other bacteria). Extracellular enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors

Does infections always results in diseases?

An infection may or may not result in disease.

Disease

Any adverse internal conditions severe enough to interfere with normal body functioning

communicable (source of microbe, way of transmission)

Any infectious disease that come either directly or indirectly from another host

An anxenic environment is one that_ A. Exists in the human mouth B. Contains only one species (human specie) C. Exists in the human colon D. both a and c

B

Which of the following is FALSE concerning microbial contaminants? a. contaminants become opportunistic pathogens b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm c. contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota d. Contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite

B

Which of the following phrases describe a contagious disease? a. a disease arising from fomites b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosol c. a disease that arises from opportunistic, normal microbiota d. Both a and b

B

An axenic environment is one that_ a. exists in the human mouth b. contains only one species c. exists in the human colon d. both a and b

B contains only one species

Ex of organism that is mutualistic?

Bacteria in human colon

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

to determine prevalence and incidence, endemic, sporadic, epidermic, or pandemic of a disease, a good record must be kept. where those records are obtained and sent by health departments about infectious diseases?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, which is the headquarters and clearinghouse for national epidemiological research

Toxins

Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

what are the three ways of transmission?

Contact transmission Vehicle transmission Vector transmission

what are the three approaches of epidemiology that epidemiologists use to conduct research to study the dynamics of disease in populations? (3)

Descriptive epidemiology Analytical epidemiology Experimental edpiemiology

when a disease results?

Disease results only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body

Describe in which organisms adhesion factors are found (2) and the types

Found on viruses (attachment proteins) and many bacteria (adhesins)

what are the signs and symptomps part of the syndrome of AIDS?

HIV+, Low CD4 count (white blood cell count), rare and opportunistic infections

Which of the following is an example of an endotoxin: A. Neurotoxin (exotoxin) B. Coagulase C. Streptokinase D. Collaganase E. Lipopolysaccharide/ Lipid A

E. Lipopolysaccharide

Two types of toxins

Exotoxins Endotoxins

Phagocystosis blocked by a capsule fails at which step of phagocytosis?

Fails at attachment step

How ligands are used for specificity of bacteria and virus?

Interaction of adhesin or attachment protein (ligand) with host receptor can determine specificity for host cells

adhesion is accomplished through the use of_

It is accomplished via a variety of structures or chemical receptors called adhesion factors

who is the father of epidermiology and describe briefly what he did?

John Snowman (tracked Chloera in London by looking population as a whole-> mapped it)

Endotoxins (other name, where found, who produce, definition, and what they can cause)

Lipid A (lipopolysaccharide) LPS (structural component that is part of the outer membrane that cause damage in our body) Gram - is released from the outer cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria can cause systemic shock and other fatal effects.

What is a common part where you can find microbes?

Many parts of our body are covered by microbes

Each week the CDC reports the number of cases of most of the nationally notifiable diseases in the_

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

what is the major route of entry and that normal microbiota will establish on?

Mucous membranes, especially respiratory tract

Nonliving reservoirs (4 types)

Nonliving reservoirs of infection include soil, water, food, and objects.

Opportunistic pathogens

Normal microbiota or other normally harmless microbes that can cause disease under certain circumstances

occurrence can be evaluated also by_ (2)

Occurrence also evaluated in terms of frequency: time (week, day, month, year) -geographic distribution

What determines if infection progresses to disease state?

Pathogenicity Virulence

adhesion is required to_

Required to successfully establish colonies within the host

How can scientists know the normal prevalence of a given disease?

Scientists record every case of the disease so they they will have a "baseline" prevalence, which then becomes the expected prevalence for each disease

Reservoirs of infection

Sites where pathogens are maintained (infectious) as a source of infection are termed reservoirs of infection

adhesion factors allow perform other virulence factor called_

Some pathogens interact to produce a sticky biofilm that adheres to a surface and allows bacteria to thrive.

Adhesion factors include _(2)

Specialized structures Attachment proteins

which diseases are the most common?

respiratory diseases due to the fact that the respiratory tract is the very easy to enter and stay since does not have any characteristic that makes it hard to the bacteria to get in

Fever, swelling, rash, and redness would be a sign or symptom?

sign

what are the most common routes of entry?

skin and mucous membranes

Can microbiota sick us?

sometimes they can under the right conditions, which would be opportunistic infections

Contact transmission

spread of pathogens form one host to another by direct contact, indirect contact, or respiratory droplets