ch 14 russia

what natural resources does belarus have

-fuels like peat, oil, and natural gas -some rocks and minerals like chalk, sand, clay, gravel, granite, and limestone

what natural resources does ukraine have

-iron and ores -mountain wax -granite -graphite -various salts -metallurgical, porcelain, and chemical industry

how man countries were freed from russian/soviet control

15 independent countries were freed

who founded communism

Karl Marx, a german philospher who wanted economic equality. he spoke of public ownership of land and means of production, and a classless society with equal wealth.

gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the soviet union in 1985, and he started perestroika and glasnost. he was a young, well-trained leader, not a typical communist leader

describe the begining of russia around AD 600s

Slav farmers, hunters, and fishers lived near the water on neur plain. it was originally in loose city-state union called kievan rus. it was ruled by princes, and kiev was the leading city-state with a trading route. the route used western russian rivers and linked to ports and trade centers on the baltic and black seas

cossacks

a group of tribes in southern russia steppes. they are great horsemen and fighters. some czars used them as fighters, and others feared and persecuted them

ivan the terrible

a particularly brutal russian czar

permafrost

a permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the ground

Chechnya

a region that wants independence (chechyn nationalism). in 2000 putin established direct control over the area. in 2003 they became more autonomous. they won't give them freedom because the russian economy relies on several oil and gas pipelines in Chechyn territory. in 2003 a new constitution gave them some autonomy but their gov struggles to bring peace and stability. fight between russian gov and chechyns can get violent

when and why did city populations increase

after 1991 when people were allowed to migrate where ever they wanted for jobs and other opportunities

Czar Peter I

aka Peter the Great. he came to power in the late 1600s. he modernized russia, added more territory, made a stronger military, and expaned trade into western europe. he wanted seaports and got swedish land around the baltic sea. the new capital and port city was St petersburg and gave them access to the baltic sea and western europe

where is the steppe climate

between the black and caspian sea north of the caucuses mountains along the kazakhstan border. the chernozem soil is used to grow wheat, barley, rye, oats. they also grow sunflowers, mint, and beans

steppe

broad, open grassland

what happened in the early 1200s

central asian mongols invaded kiev and slav territories. they allowed self-rule but the mongols had military control for 200+ years

taiga

coniferous forest. siberia is taiga

in general, where are the coniferous and deciduous forests

coniferous in eastern russia and deciduous in western russia

why is siberia colder than western russia

continentality. there are no moderating bodies of water. all land

how did monarchy end in russia and what happened after that

czar nicholis and his family were murdered, which was the end of europe's last absolute monarchy. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. it was a communist group

what is the russian pop like overall

decreasing and aging

what are some rivers in belarus

dnieper, berezina, pripyat', neman, bug, and the wester dvina

continentality

effect of extreme variation in temp and little precipitation within interior portions of a landmass

what is european russia and what is asian russia

european russia is west of the ural mountains (they look more european) asian russia is east of the ural mountains (they look more asian)

why did the people overthrow the communist government

gorbachev gave them some freedoms bu they wanted more. this led to a revolution and the soviet union was dissolved. they wanted to be democratic, but that didn't really work out fully

czar alexander III

he expanded russia into siberia in 1891 and made the trans-siberian railroad. it went from moscow to vladivostok and was finished in 1916. it opened russian asia to the eastern region. in the war between the russians and japanese all the japanese had to do was knock out the railroad to cut off the russian supplies. supplies became so scarce they could only use a bullet per day

why wouldn't nicholas let his son be the czar and what did alexandra do

he had hemophilia from his mother. it was a secret though. his mom alexandra felt guilty for passing it on so she became friends with this wild, profane, drunk, siberian monk named Rasputin. she thought rasputin slowed the bleeding, but outsiders were very confused why he had access to the court

what is vladmir putin doing about the population problems

he is trying to increase the population with different programs. they get money from the state if they have a certain number of kids. he is encouraging immigration and wants young russians back and foreigners in. they used to worry about cultural diffusion but now they welcome immigrants

czar aledander II

he lived during the american civil war time. he emancipated the serfs that were bound to the land in 1868. he had limited reforms. the serfs were freed, but they now led poor lives in the city. they did not think this was enough so they assassinated him and he suffered for three days before dying. non-russian regions faced prejudice and were forced to act like russian so they had to speak russian and become east orthodox christian for better jobs and benefits

why did gorbachev introduce the reforms

he saw that profit was not a powerful incentive and that communism lacked. the workers were lazy and careless because they had no reason to do their best. he allowed them to supplement their income on the side

what other landforms does russia have

hills, plains, and plateaus

how was belarus politically connected to russia

historically, they never had a unity and political sovreignty except briefly in 1918. they had lots of regional conflicts and territorial claims from their neighbors to the east and west

describe belarus' climate

humid comtinental climate is moderated by atlantic maritime influences. the january temos are in the 20s in the southwest and 17-19 in the neast with thaw days. the frost-free period is longer is the southwest. the max temp in july is in the mid 60s. moderate raingall, higher than in other areas of the russian plain

what is the climate of russia on a whole like

humid continental in west and subarctic in the east. all of russia is in the high altitude range so the subregion has cold snowy winters. the length of the winters vary, as does the length and warmth of summers.

what is the climate like in southern ukraine

humid continental with milder temps. they get warmer, humid air from the atlantic. this area has the greatest precipitation in the warmer summer months of late june and july

what are the arts like in russia

important to russian society -painters like viktor vasnetsov -composers like Pyotr Tchaikovsky -poets like Aleksander Pushkin, Boris Pasternack, and Anna Akhmatora -novelists like Lev Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyesky made russian lit famous -internationally famous ballet and theater. one of the world's most famous ballet tropps called the Bolshoi. -Baryshnikov was a very famous ballet dancer who got political asylum while on tour

alexander I

in the mid 1800s. he defeated napolean. he had a big army that was not technologically advanced, but he used his large army and the winter to defeat them. he would strike and then retreat, which lured them in. he burned everything they left behind so the french could not live off of the land or anything. he delayed a face to face contact and it became winter. the french had no food, shelter, or warm clothes so they were forced to retreat

where is the tundra climate found

in the northern 10% of russia. the sky is dark around the winter solstice, and there is continuous sun in some of the summer weeks. there is a short growing season, and the soil above the permafrost is thin and acidic. only moss, lichen, algae, and dwarf shrubs live in the tundra regions

why are their still sizable russian populations in some of the countries surrounding russia

in the time of the soviet union, russians were relocated to some of the soviet republics to russianize them. they were the upper class of those countries, and many of them stayed after the fall of communism. some are still in positions of power

describe western russia climate

it is moderated by the warmer atlantic ocean but most of the russian interior is not. the country's interior has extreme temp variations and little precipitation

what is the government of russia like now

it is supposed to be a democracy but they've always been autocratic so they don;t really realize that it is still kind of autocratic. vladmir putin has been in control, whether directly or indirectly, for some time now

describe belarus' landforms

it is the smallest of the three slavic republics from the soviet union. it is landlocked and on the neur plain. glaciers gave it flat terrain and 11,000 lakes. it also has swamps and rivers

describe the alcoholism problem

it was a problem in the soviet union, but it was harder to get alcohol. now there is plenty of alcohol that is readily available. the lifespan is getting lower, especially for men which is about 64 years old. alcoholics are also prone to being less productive and getting into accidents. also kids grow up around alcohol in their homes and family and then they become alcoholics

describe the cold war

it was between the soviets and the democracies like USA after WWII. it was a political and ideological war with the west, and it almost led to a nuclear war.

limans

large saline lakes found near the coast

what happened to the russians in the world war

leningrad was surrounded by germans in WWII. they were under siege and had nothing in and out for a year. there was no food and about a million citizens starved to death. stalingrad was in the south. the germans headed towards the caucasus because they wanted oil. stalingrad was in the way. the battle lastest 7-8 months. about 1 mil russians and 1 mil germans diesd

what keeps the amount of natural resources from reaching its full use potential

most are in subarctic areas so its cold and isolated. the workers cannot be so cold, metals snap if its to cold, its hard to transport oil back to shipping areas. also the pipes could break and cause a lot of environmental damage

primary religion in russia

most people are orthodox christians. there are also some muslims and Buddhists.

what it the highest peak in the caucasus

mount Elbrus. it is also the highest peak in russia and europe

glasnost

new openness in politics, social issues, and media as part of Gorbachev's reform plan, basically allowing some freedom of speech

is russian society inclusive

no. they are not very accepting of other races, religions, and other "outsiders". people that are different face business discrimination and persecution.

what are some rivers that go from south of siberia north to the arctic ocean. what can happen to them

ob', irtyish, uenisey, and lena. ice keeps the rivers from emptying into the ocean, so in the springtime the plains flood with causes swamps and floodland. when they are frozen they can be used for truck transport

volga river

one of the world's greatest rivers. it drains most if western russia and has many tributaries. it is the longest river in europe. it starts in the valdai hills west of moscow and goes across southern russia into the caspian sea. it is important for commercial, transportation, and hydroelectric use

what have the variations in winter/summer length in russia led to

people settle in places based off of the temps/clim

chernozem

rich, black soil in the neur plain. good for farming potatoes and grains

czar

ruler of russia until the 1917 revolution. from the latin caesar, which was the title of a roman emperor. they had complete power and could be quite brutal. life was hard in russia

what is the largest country in the world

russia. it stretches from europe to the pacific ocean. it is on two continents and crosses 11 time zones

describe russia's language

russian is the official language but over 100 other ones are spoken there

perestroika

russian reconstruction. it was Gorbachev's plan to reform the economy and government

catherine the great

she expanded the russian's empire and got warm-water black sea port. the romanov family exanded and eastern and central europe and non-russians came under russian rule. she was an enlightened riler. she did not want to give up power but she believed she had a responsibility to the people. she passed laws and reforms in the late 1700s, but their was an uprising against her

why wasn't nicholas' mother killed

she smelled trouble and fled. she got all the royal family's money from the bank. many people tried to claim they were her granddaughter to get money

where is the subarctic climate zone

south of the tundra. it is cold for 8 months and only above 50 degrees F in the other 4. the boreal forest/taiga biome is found here and there are a lot of coniferous trees.

describe russia's edu

soviet education was free but focused on science, math, and engineering. now school is mandatory until the age of 15 and they emphasize balance. there are different types of schools. however, funding is limited by the economy

how did the ussr end

started in 1989 when east germany left. the satellites started breaking away first followed by the republics. then it ended fully in about 1991

coup (de tat)

sudden overthrow the government, often by military and usually ends with a dictator

what plain is west of the Ural mountains. describe

the North European Plain. the southern part has waterways and chernozem soil that supports agriculture. the whole plain begins in france and extends east into russia, but the russian portion is also called the Russian Plain

between which two bodies of water has belarus been an important inland route

the baltic and black sea

briefly describe russia's beginings

the earliest russian people where in the ukraine around kiev, and they mixed with the vikings. the center of russia then shifts to moscow. the power was historically in european russia, which was the heartland. it expanded eastward. prior to 1917 it was a monarchy ruled by a czar, which was a dictatorship and the czar and nobles were very wealthy, so the poor eventually overthrew them in 1917. the bolshoviks led the revolt. the middle class of educated young men. vladmir lenin led them but he was exiled. russia became communist, it was the first really communist country

where do most russians live

the expansive north european plain

how have waterways impacted the russian core countries

the have important roles in social and economic development. lakes and rivers helped with growth, expansion, and success in the area

where are there volcanoes

the in kamchatka region near the pacific ring of fire

narach

the largest lake in belarus

nicholas II

the last czar of russia. he was forced to abdicate in march 1917

dnieper river

the longest river in the ukraine. it starts in the northwest plains and goes southeast into the black sea, it is used for hydropower, transportation, and commerce

lake Baikal

the oldest and deepest lake in the world. over a mile deep. it is located in southeast russia in siberia near the mongolian border. it contains 1/5 of all unfrozen freshwater on the planet. it has been called the galapagos of russia because it is old and isolated and has unusual marine species that scientists study. logging and mining industry pollute lake baikal, so the gov is trying to regulate it

what dynasty did the last czars belong to

the romanovs

futilist system

the serfs signed themselves over the overlord for protection but they were bound to the land

what landforms are east of the ural mountains. describe

the siberian plains and plateaus. the west siberian plain covers 1/3 of siberia and is one of the largest low-lying flatlands. it has harsh continental climate, large swamps and wetlands.

what are some other rivers in the ukraine and what can they be used for

the southern bug, dniester, and part of the danube. canals allow these rivers to be used as water supply. many rivers in western region used for irrigation

what is religion like in russia

the soviet union promoted atheism and discriminated against ethnic goups. in the late 1980s. the government relaxed these policies so now millions of people are rediscovering their faith and tradition

describe the fall of the soviet union

the soviet union was weakened due to military cost and their inefficient economy. Gorbachev put new programs into place. in 1989 the satellite countries replaced their communist governments. in 1991 a failed coup led to the collapse of the soviet government and regions declared their independent

what are the two major mountain ranges in russia

the ural and caucasus

where are midlat climates found in russia

the western regions. they have milder winters and warmer summers. it is still relatively cold but most russian live here. russian agriculture is also done here. the biome is deciduous forest, but it is often cleared for agriculture

what is housing like in russia

there is a housing shortage so most people live in large apartment blocks. there has been new housing since 1991 so people can get improved space and living conditions

what happened politically to russia around WWI

there were strikes and demostrations because russian workers suffered from hardships. this led to the russian revolution of 1917

describe the Ural mountains

they are a natural barrier between European and Siberian russia. they are rich in iron ore and mineral fuels. they run north to south, from the arctic ocean to the caspian sea

what happened to the central asia republics

they are now indepednent, but the degree of independence varies. some want total sovreignty but others are like puppet states of russia

what are the former soviet republics in asia like

they are poor and small with not much military, but they are not completely helpless.

describe russia's population

they have a shrinking population which is causing problems for the country. the country is about 3 times the size of the USA, but it has 1/2 its population. it has a low population density

describe russia's natural resources.

they have an abundance of resources, but there a lot in remote areas where the climate is very harsh. they have -1/5 of the world's forest -large amounts of petroleum, 16% of the world's coal (but coal is in east siberia) -leading producer in natural gas, but most is in north siberia -leader in nickel, top 3 in world for aluminum, gemstones, and platinum -also use their rivers for hydroelectric power

how are women treated in russia

they have been important to industry and expect equal treatment. in WWII women were in the military and held jobs. in the 1990s, they worked out of necessity and were employed full-time, which led to the declining birthrate. higher education, jobs with more money, and feminist groups and organizations have led to more rights. women marry later, have careers, and expect equality in the originally male society

what did the Soviet Union do in WWII

they helped the Allies win and occupied much of eastern europe which led to the countries becoming communist satellites.

describe the romanovs. who were some czars

they ruled for about 350 years. included Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander the III, and Nicholas II.

describe the caucasus mtns

they run east to west in the southwesten part of the country. they are a natural barrier between russia and southern countries. tourists ski and mountain climb. smaller and higher than the urals

russification

to make people more russian. in the 19th/20th century russia and soviet union program made the empire's citizens speak russian and be christian. started with catherine the great's expansion

what is the wealthiest former soviet republic

ukraine. it is fertile so they grow lots of wheat for bread. the leaders were originally pro-russia. then they got a new, more independent thinking president. now the Ukrainians fear total russian invasion

what is europe's second largest country. describe

ukraine. it is on the southwestern part of the russian plain. it has vast plains and plateaus. there are also a few mountains in the west and south. the isthmus of perekop connects the crimean peninsula to the mainland

describe the russians current president

vladmir putin. he was reelected in 2014 but had power for about 15ish years. he pretty much ignores the russian constitution and most of the officials are his cronies and he basically runs the whole country. the KGB secret polic were pretty ruthless. putin was part of it before commuism fell. the KGB were not very trustworthy and like a mix of the FBI and CIA

where do 80% of the russians live and why

west of the ural mtns because of the rich soil, waterways, and milder climates. western russia includes its major industrial cities and the capital moscow

why does russia have a shrinking population

women are working less and having less children. this is partly because they world have to pay for their own childcare, which is costly. women now have longer hours. the death rate has increased because of poor nutrition, not the best health care, and lots of alcoholism. also diseases like hiv/aids are more common because of the open borders, and treatment is not easily available. people are also emmigrating and leaving russia. russians invested money they made after the fall of communism and invested it in foreign palces. young russians leave for job opportunities. russians lost more people than any other countries in the world wars

does the ukraine have any lakes. describe

yes. there are few freshwater lakes but there are small saltwater ones near the black sea and lowland crimea. there are some artificial lakes and reservoirs